1994 in paleontology
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1994.
Plants
Conifers
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diploporus[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | Fossil Yew Genus, type species D. torreyoides | ||||
Sp nov | valid | Manchester | Fossil Yew species | |||||
Sp nov | valid | Manchester | Fossil nutmeg yew species |
Angiosperms
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A Kiwi species | |||||
Alangium eydei[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A dogwood species | ||||
Alangium rotundicarpum[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A dogwood species | ||||
Ampelocissus auriforma[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A vitaceous species | ||||
Ampelocissus scottii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A vitaceous species | ||||
Ampelopsis rooseae[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A vitaceous species | ||||
Anamirta leiocarpa[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A moonseed species | ||||
Ankistrosperma[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Anonaspermum bonesii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A custard apple relative | ||||
Anonaspermum rotundum[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A custard apple relative | ||||
Anonymocarpa[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Aphananthe maii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A cannabaceous species | ||||
Ascosphaera[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Atriaecarpum clarnense[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A moonseed species | ||||
Axinosperma[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Bonesia[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Bumelia? globosa[2] | Sp nov | jr synonym | (Manchester) Manchester | A lardizabalaceous species; | ||||
Bursericarpum oregonense[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A torchwood family species | ||||
Calycocarpum crassicrustae[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A moonseed species | ||||
Castanopsis crepetii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A chinkapin species | ||||
Celtis burnhamae[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A cannabaceous species | ||||
Cleyera grotei[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A pentaphylacaceous species | ||||
Comicilabium[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | An icacinaceous relative. | ||||
Comminicarpa[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A dogwood species | |||||
Coryloides[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A hazelnut relative, Type species C. hancockii | ||||
Cuneisemen[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Curvitinospora[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A moonseed relative. | ||||
Davisicarpum limacioides[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A moonseed species. | ||||
Dentisemen[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Deviacer[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A milkwort genus.[4] | ||||
Diploclisia auriformis[2] | Comb nov | jr synonym | (Hollick) Manchester | "King Salmon Lake flora" | A moonseed species. | |||
Durocarpus[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Emmenopterys dilcheri[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A rubiaceous species. | ||||
Eohypserpa scottii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A moonseed species. | ||||
Sp nov | valid | Magallón-Puebl | Pié de Vaca Formation | Youngest Eucommia sp. in North America. | ||||
Ferrignocarpus[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Fimbrialata[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Fortunearites[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A witch-hazel relative, type species F. endressii | ||||
Fragarites[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Globulicarpium[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Hexacarpellites[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Hydrangea knowltonii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A Hydrangea species. | ||||
Joejonesia[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
lodes chandlerae[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | An icacinaceous species. | ||||
Iodicarpa[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | An icacinaceous relative. | ||||
Kardiasperma[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A hazelnut relative, type species K. parvum | ||||
Laurocalyx wheelerae[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | |||||
Laurocarpum hancockii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | |||||
Laurocarpum nutbedensis[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | |||||
Laurocarpum raisinoides[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | |||||
Lignicarpus[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Ligniglobus[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Lindera clarnensis[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | |||||
Lunaticarpa[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Magnolia muldoonae[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A Magnolia species | ||||
Magnolia paroblonga[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A Magnolia species | ||||
Magnolia tiffneyi[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A Magnolia species | ||||
Mastixicarpum occidentale[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A Tupelo relative | ||||
sp nov | valid | Manchester | Middle Eocene | Clarno Formation | A sabiaceous species. | |||
Meliosma bonesii[2] | sp nov | valid | Manchester | Middle Eocene | Clarno Formation | A sabiaceous species. | ||
Meliosma elongicarpa[2] | sp nov | valid | Manchester | Middle Eocene | Clarno Formation | A sabiaceous species. | ||
Meliosma leptocarpa[2] | sp nov | valid | Manchester | Middle Eocene | Clarno Formation | A sabiaceous species. | ||
Microphallus[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Nephrosemen[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Nyssa scottii[2] | sp nov | valid | Manchester | Middle Eocene | Clarno Formation | A Tupelo relative | ||
Comb nov | valid | (Scott) Manchester | Middle Eocene | Clarno Formation | A Tupelo, new comb for Palaeonyssa spatulata Scott, 1954 | |||
Omsicarpium[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Palaeoallophylus globosa[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A soapberry species. | ||||
Palaeoallophylus gordonii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A soapberry species. | ||||
Paleopanax[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A ginseng genus, type species P. oregonensis | ||||
Paleoplatycarya? hickeyi[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A Platycarya relative species. | ||||
Parthenocissus clarnensis[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A vitaceous species | ||||
Pasternackia[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Pentoperculum[2] | Gen et comb nov | valid | Manchester | A Sumac relative. | ||||
Pileosperma[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Pistachioides[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Platanus hirticarpa[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A platanaceous Infructescence species. | ||||
Polygrana nutbedense[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Polygrana[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Prunus olsonii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A cherry/plum species. | ||||
Prunus weinsteinii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A cherry/plum species. | ||||
Pteronepelys[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ![]() | |||
Pulvinisperma[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Pyrenacantha occidentalis[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | An icacinaceous species. | ||||
Pyrisemen[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Quintacava[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Rhus rooseae[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A Sumac species | ||||
Sabia prefoetida[2] | Comb nov | valid | (Becker) Manchester | Late Eocene | Ruby flora | A sabiaceous species. | ||
Sambucuspermites[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Saxifragispermum tetragonalis[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A willow relative | ||||
Scabraecarpium[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Scalaritheca[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Scaphicarpium[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Schisandra oregonensis[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A magnolia vine species. | ||||
Sphaerosperma[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Sphenosperma[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Stockeycarpa[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Striatisperma[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Symplocos nooteboomii[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A Symplocaceae species. | ||||
Tanyoplatanus[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A platanaceous Infructescence genus. | ||||
Tapiscia occidentalis[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A tapisciaceous species | ||||
Tenuisperma[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Tiffneycarpa[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Tinomiscoidea occidentalis[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A moonseed species | ||||
Tinospora elongata[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A moonseed species | ||||
Thanikaimonia[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A moonseed genus. | ||||
Tinospora hardmanae[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A moonseed species | ||||
Trema nucilecta[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A cannabaceous species | ||||
Trigonostela[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Tripartisemen[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Triplascapha[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Triplexivalva[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Trisepticarpium[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Truncatisemen[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Ulospermum[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Wheelera[2] | Gen et sp nov | valid | Manchester | A seed of uncertain placement. | ||||
Vitis tiffneyi[2] | Sp nov | valid | Manchester | A vitaceous species |
Arthropods
Insects
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp nov | Valid | Baroni Urbani & De Andrade | first fossil Acanthognathus species | |||||
Aeshna andancensis[8] | Sp nov | Valid | Nel & Brisac | Montagne d'Andance | An Aeshna dragonfly | ![]() | ||
Aeshna cerdanica[8] | Sp nov | Valid | Nel & Martínez-Delclòs | An Aeshna dragonfly | ![]() | |||
Aeschnophlebia miocenica[8] | Sp nov | Valid | Nel & Escuillé | Montagne d'Andance | An Aeschnophlebia dragonfly | ![]() | ||
Sp nov | Valid | De Andrade | A ponerin ant | ![]() | ||||
Sp nov | Valid | De Andrade | A ponerin ant | ![]() | ||||
Sp nov | Valid | De Andrade | A ponerin ant | ![]() | ||||
Sp nov | Valid | De Andrade | A ponerin ant | ![]() | ||||
Sp nov | Valid | De Andrade | A ponerin ant | ![]() | ||||
Sp nov | Valid | De Andrade | A ponerin ant | ![]() | ||||
Calopteryx andancensis | Sp nov | Valid | Nel & Brisac | Turolian[8] | Montagne d'Andance | A Calopteryx damselfly | ![]() | |
Dlusskyidris[10] | Gen et comb nov. | Valid | Bolton | Taimyr amber | A Sphecomyrminae ant. | ![]() | ||
Forficula paleoligura[11] | Sp nov | Valid | Nel, Albouy, Caussanel, & Jamet | An earwig | ![]() | |||
Sp nov. | Valid | De Andrade | Burdigalian | Dominican Amber | A myrmicin ant | ![]() | ||
Sp nov. | Valid | De Andrade | Burdigalian | Dominican Amber | A myrmicin ant | ![]() | ||
Protoaristenymphes[12] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Nel & Henrotay | A Mesochrysopid lacewing, type species P. bascharagensis | ![]() | |||
Sympecma incerta[13] | Comb. nov | Valid | Piton | Lake Chambon | A Lestid damselfly, | ![]() |
Molluscs
Bivalves
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sp nov | Valid | Elicki | Zwetau Formation | early Cambrian bivalve species |
Fishes
Newly named bony fishes
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov | valid | Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams | late Santonian to mid-Campanian | A latimeriid coelacanth.[16] |
Archosauromorphs
- Aff. Rebbachisaurus gastroliths documented.[17]
- The "Talkeetna Mountains Hadrosaur" specimen was discovered in a quarry being excavated for road material.[18] The quarry is near the Glenn Highway, approximately 150 miles northeast of Anchorage.[19] That fall, excavation began, and was resumed in the summer of 1996.[18]
Newly named pseudosuchians
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Galtonia[20] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Hunt & Lucas | Late Triassic (late Carnian) | A relative of Revueltosaurus. | |||
Pekinosaurus[20] | Gen et sp nov | Hunt & Lucas | Late Triassic (late Carnian) | A junior synonym of Revueltosaurus. |
Newly named basal dinosauromorphs
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marasuchus[21] | Gen et comb nov | Valid | Sereno & Arcucci | Middle Triassic (Ladinian) | A basal dinosauriform; | |
Newly named dinosaurs
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[22]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrovenator[23] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | ![]() | |||||
Alwalkeria[24] | Gen et comb nov | Valid | Chatterjee & Creisler | ![]() | ||||
Alxasaurus[25] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | ![]() | |||||
Cheng | described as Huabeisaurus allocotus in 2000 | ![]() | ||||||
Caenagnathasia[26] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Currie, Godfrey, & Nesov | ![]() | ||||
Cryolophosaurus[27] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Hammer & Hickerson | ![]() | ||||
Koparion[28] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Chure | |||||
Monolophosaurus[29] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Zhao & Currie | ![]() | ||||
Mymoorapelta[30] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Kirkland & Carpenter | ![]() | ||||
Pelecanimimus[31] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Perez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalioni, | ![]() | ||||
Phuwiangosaurus[32] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Martin, Buffetaut, & Suteethorn | | ||||
Sinornithoides[33] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | ![]() | |||||
Sinraptor[34] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Currie & Zhao | ![]() | ||||
Timimus[35] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Rich & Vickers-Rich | ![]() | ||||
Yingshanosaurus[36] | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Zhou |
Birds
Name | Status | Novelty | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berruornis [37] | Valid | Gen et sp nov. | Late Paleocene | A Strigidae. Type species B. orbisantiqui | ||||
Bubo osvaldoi [38] | Valid | Sp. nov. | Cave deposits | A Strigidae. | ||||
Falco duboisi [39] | Valid | Sp. nov. | Cave deposits | A Falconidae. | ||||
Mascarenachen [39] | jr synonym | Gen et sp nov. | An Anatidae, type species M. kervazoi; | |||||
Valid | Sp. nov. | Mourer-Chauviré, Bour, Moutou, & Ribes | A Strigidae. | |||||
Messelastur [41] | Valid | Gen et sp nov. | Peters | Middle Eocene | A Messelasturidae, Type species M. gratulator. | |||
Valid | Sp. nov. | van Tets | peat swamp | |||||
Neuquenornis [43] | Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | An Avisauridae, Type species N. volans. | |||||
jr synonym | Sp. nov. | An Ardeidae, junior synonym of Nycticorax duboisi. | ||||||
Otogornis [44] | Valid | Gen et sp nov. | Hou | A Longirostravidae, type species O. genghisi. | ||||
Presbyornis isoni [45] | Valid | Sp. nov. | ||||||
Puffinus spelaeus [46] | Valid | Sp. nov. | Late Quaternary | South Island, cave deposits | ||||
Stephanoaetus mahery [47] | Valid | Sp. nov. | Holocene. (Subrecent) | An Accipitridae. | ||||
Wanshuina [48] | Valid | Gen et sp nov. | Hou | Doumu Formation | A Rallidae, type species W. lii |
Plesiosaurs
- Plesiosaur gastroliths documented.[49]
New taxa
Name | Status | Authors | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Valid | Chatterjee Creisler |
Pterosaurs
New taxa
Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid | Frey Martill | Early Cretaceous (late Aptian/early Albian) | A pteranodontoid pterosaur. | |||||
Montanazhdarcho[50] | Valid | Padian, K., Horner de Ricqlès, A.J. | Late Cretaceous (Judithian) | An azhdarchid from Montana. | ||||
nomen nudum | Bakker | Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) | ||||||
Valid | Cai, Z. Wei, F. | Late Cretaceous (early Campanian) | A Chinese azhdarchid. | ![]() |
Other diapsids
New taxa
Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lucianosaurus[20] | Valid Non-Dinosaurian Taxon |
|
| Late Triassic (Norian) | |||
Tecovasaurus[20] | Valid Non-Dinosaurian Taxon |
|
| Late Triassic (late Carnian) |
Footnotes
- ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.
- ^ Manchester, S. R. (1999). "Biogeographical relationships of North American tertiary floras". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 86 (2): 472–522. doi:10.2307/2666183. JSTOR 2666183.
- ^ Myers, J.; Erwin, D. (2015). "Deviacer pidemarmanii sp. nov. (Polygalaceae) from the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene Badger's Nose Paleoflora, Modoc County, California". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 176 (3): 259–268. doi:10.1086/679759. S2CID 84642512.
- ^ Han, M.; Manchester, S. R.; Fu, Q.-Y.; Jin, J.-H.; Quan, C. (2018). "Paleogene fossil fruits of Stephania (Menispermaceae) from North America and East Asia". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56 (2): 81–91. doi:10.1111/jse.12288. S2CID 90749898.
- ^ Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1997). "The fossil record of Eucommia (Eucommiaceae) in North America". American Journal of Botany. 84 (6): 798–814. doi:10.2307/2445816. JSTOR 2445816. PMID 21708632. S2CID 20464075.
- ^ Baroni Urbani, C.; De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "First description of fossil Dacetini ants with a critical analysis of the current classification of the tribe (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VI: Dacetini)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 198: 1–65.
- ^ a b c d Nel, A.; Martinez-Delclòs, X.; Escuillé, F; Brisac, P. (1994). "Names; Les Aeshnidae fossiles: Etat actuel des connaissances (Odonata, Anisoptera)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 194 (2/3): 143–186. doi:10.1127/njgpa/194/1994/143. S2CID 247527646.
- ^ a b c d e f g h De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "Fossil Odontomachiti Ants from the Dominican Republic (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VII: Odontomachiti)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 199: 1–28.
- ^ Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D.; Carpenter, J. M. (1997). "New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships". American Museum Novitates (3208): 1–43.
- ^ Nel, A.; Albouy, V.; Caussanel, C; Jamet, C. (1994). "Réflexion paléo-entomologique sur la systématique des Dermaptères. Quatre nouveaux forficules fossiles de l'Oligocène de Provence (France)". Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France. 99: 253–266. doi:10.3406/bsef.1994.17063. S2CID 131974069.
- ^ Nel, A; Henrotay, M. (1994). "Les Chrysopidae Mésozoïques. État actuel des connaissances. Description d'un nouveau genre et nouvelle espèce dans le Jurassique inférieur (Lias) (Insecta: Neuroptera)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 30: 295–318.
- ^ Nel, A.; Paicheler, J.-C. (1994). "Les Lestoidea (Odonata, Zygoptera) fossiles : un inventaire critique". Annales de Paléontologie. 80 (1): 1–59.
- ^ Elicki, O.; Gürsu, S. (2009). "First record of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 from the Middle East (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) and critical review of Cambrian bivalves" (PDF). Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (2): 267–291. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0021-9. S2CID 49380913. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ^ David R. Schwimmer; J. D. Stewart; G. Dent Williams (1994). "Giant fossil coelacanths of the Late Cretaceous in the eastern United States". Geology. 22 (6): 503–506. Bibcode:1994Geo....22..503S. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0503:gfcotl>2.3.co;2.
- ^ Hugo Dutel; John G. Maisey; David R. Schwimmer; Philippe Janvier; Marc Herbin; Gaël Clément (2012). "The Giant Cretaceous Coelacanth (Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) Megalocoelacanthus dobiei Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams, 1994, and Its Bearing on Latimerioidei Interrelationships". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e49911. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...749911D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049911. PMC 3507921. PMID 23209614.
- ^ Calvo (1994). Sanders, Manley, and Carpenter (2001), "Table 12.1" page 167.
- ^ a b "Introduction," in Pasche and May (2001); page 220.
- ^ "Location and Geologic Setting," in Pasche and May (2001); page 220.
- ^ a b c d Hunt, A.P. and S.G. Lucas. 1994. Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of the United States. In: the Shadow of the Dinosaurs, Early Mesozoic Tetrapods (N.C. Fraser and H.-D. Sues, Eds.). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK: pp. 227-241.
- ^ Sereno, P.C.; Arcucci, A.B. (1994). "Dinosaur precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Marasuchus lilloensis gen. nov". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14: 53–73. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011538.
- ^ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
- ^ Sereno, P.C., J.A. Wilson, H.C.E. Larsson, D.B. Dutheil, H.-D. Sues. 1994. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara. Science 266 (14 October [5183]): pp. 267-271.
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