China Airlines Flight 605

22°19′06″N 114°11′51″E / 22.3183°N 114.1976°E / 22.3183; 114.1976AircraftAircraft typeBoeing 747-409OperatorChina AirlinesIATA flight No.CI605ICAO flight No.CAL605Call signDYNASTY 605RegistrationB-165Flight originChiang Kai-shek International Airport, Taipei, TaiwanDestinationKai Tak Airport, Hong KongOccupants396Passengers374Crew22Fatalities0Injuries23Survivors396

China Airlines Flight 605 (callsign "Dynasty 605") was a daily non-stop flight departing from Taipei, Taiwan at 6:30 a.m. and arriving in Hong Kong at 7:00 a.m. local time. On November 4, 1993, the plane went off the runway and overran attempting to land during a storm.^[1] It was the first hull loss of a Boeing 747-400.^[2][3]

The aircraft involved, registration B-165, was a 5-month-old Boeing 747-400 manufactured in June 1993. The aircraft was powered by four Pratt & Whitney PW4056 turbofan engines and had only 1,969 flight hours with 359 takeoff and landing cycles at the time of the accident.^{[3]: 11–17}

The 47-year-old captain had previously served with the Republic of China Air Force and joined China Airlines in 1984. He started flying the 747 (the older -200 variant) in 1988 and was upgraded to a captain of the 747-400 in 1990. At the time of the accident, the captain had logged a total of 12,469 flight hours, including 3,559 hours on the Boeing 747. The 37-year-old first officer joined the airline in 1992, having previously served with the Republic of China Army. He had 5,705 hours, though only 953 of them were on the Boeing 747.^[3]: 8–9

Crew:	Commander (Captain)	Co-pilot (First-Officer)
Sex:	Male	Male
Age:	47	37
License:	Airline Transport Pilot's License	Senior Commercial Pilot's License
Type-Rating:	Boeing 747-400 Series	Boeing 747-400 Series
Instrument Rating:	Instrument Rating renewed 28 August 1993	Instrument Rating renewed 7 September 1993
Medical Certificate:	Valid with requirement to wear medical glasses
Last Base Check:	15 July 1993	7 September 1993
Last Route Check:	10 June 1993	17 July 1993
Last Emergency Drills Check:	3 June 1993	9 October 1993
Flying Experience:
Total, All types	12,496 hours	5,705 hours
Total, On type	3,559 hours	908 hours
Total, Last 30 days	85 hours	70 hours
Duty Time:
On the day of the accident:	3 hours, 52 minutes	3 hours, 52 minutes
On the day before the accident:	No duties	No duties

A British Airways pilot had refused to make the approach to Kai Tak runway 13 minutes before the CAL 605 captain decided to attempt it.

Flight 605 touched down more than 2,100 feet (640 m) past the runway's displaced threshold, at a speed of 150 knots (278 km/h; 173 mph), following an IGS runway 13 approach. Typhoon Ira was generating 20-knot (37 km/h; 23 mph) crosswinds on that runway, gusting to 38 knots (70 km/h; 44 mph), from a heading of 070 degrees.^[2][4]

The pilots received several computer-generated wind shear and glide slope deviation warnings, and observed severe airspeed fluctuations, during the last mile before touchdown. The captain, who was the pilot flying, disconnected the auto-pilot and began flying the plane manually. He also disconnected the auto-throttle as he was dissatisfied with its performance. After the aircraft landed, the first officer took control of the plane and attempted to keep the aircraft on the centerline (of the runway). However, his inputs were too severe and the Captain was forced to aid him. Meanwhile, the captain inadvertently increased engine power rather than activating the thrust reversers. The auto-brakes were set at only the number two level and then were turned off seconds after touchdown due to the increase in power. The speedbrakes were extended briefly, but then retracted, also due to the power increase. This caused the plane to "float", making the brakes ineffective until the speed brakes were extended again. When the First Officer finally noticed that the auto-brakes were disarmed and the thrust reversers had not deployed, the captain immediately applied manual braking and thrust reversal.

The captain deliberately turned the plane to the left when he realized the plane would overrun the runway and hit the approach lighting system (ALS) for runway 31. That action caused a "ground loop", making the plane slide off the left side of the runway into Victoria Harbour. The plane came to rest in shallow water, with a heading of almost 180 degrees out from the direction of runway 13.

The flight crew did not warn the cabin crew that the plane was about to overrun the runway. After the aircraft came to rest in the water, the cabin crew performed a unplanned ditching of the aircraft. Communication has hindered as the PA system damaged and not functional; additionally megaphones were not used. The Captain and First-Office performed the emergency checks from memory but did not use a written checklist. Crew members ensured that all passengers donned life jackets, and after permission from the Captain, evacuated out of eight of the ten main deck emergency exits. These exits (as on all 747s) are equipped with inflatable evacuation slide/rafts for ditching emergencies. The passenger cabin remained completely above water during the evacuation, although eventually sinking tail-first. Additional damage to the nose and first-class cabin was noted. There were 23 minor injuries among passengers and crew.^[3]

One passenger in seat 55J was determined to have not worn their seat belt during the crash and was standing up, this cause them to be thrown forward into the seat of 54J and the left side of seat 54K. This resulted the passenger in 54K being seriously injured with a dislocated left shoulder and subsequent hospitalisation (for five days). The seat and seatbelt in 55J was found to be undamaged, but 54J and 54K were partially damaged. The passenger in 55J suffered minor leg injuries. Several other minor injuries across the plane were reported including injuries cause by luggage bins opening during the crash.^[3]

The airport fire service was on standby due to the increased wind conditions. After the alarm was raised by the control tower, they immediately responded. The first rescue vehicle arrived within one minute of the plane crashing. Ladders were placed along the seawall, and inflatable life-rafts alongside divers were deployed. Rescue was aided by several nearby vessels including a tug-boat, several small private motorised boats, and vessels from the Marine Department and Marine Police (Region). The rescue operation was completed within 30 minutes without any major difficulty.^[3]

The plane was written off as a total hull loss. Since the plane's vertical stabilizer interfered with the accuracy of the instrument landing system signals for runway 31 – which allowed aircraft to make safe ILS approaches whenever the wind patterns mandated the use of runway 31 (the reciprocal direction of runway 13) – the vertical stabilizer was removed with dynamite shortly after the crash. The China Airlines lettering and the Chinese characters were removed, as was part of the livery on the fuselage, to conceal the identity of the aircraft as belonging to China Airlines. After the accident, the aircraft was stored near the HAECO building for use in firefighting practice.

The investigation indicated that the accident was caused by the captain's failure to initiate the mandatory missed approach procedure when he observed the severe airspeed fluctuations, combined with the wind shear and glide slope deviation alerts. The first officer was also found to not have enough experience to handle the aircraft while landing in crosswind conditions. China Airlines was also criticized for not having a clear crosswind landing procedure in their manuals to aid pilots. The investigation recommended that the airline revise its manuals and flight training.

• TAM Airlines Flight 3054
• Air France Flight 358
• American Airlines Flight 1420
• American Airlines Flight 331
• Lion Air Flight 538
• Lion Air Flight 904
• Southwest Airlines Flight 1248
• Sky Lease Cargo Flight 4854
• China Airlines Flight 6
• Korean Air Flight 631

• Aircraft Accident Report 1/95 Report on the accident to Boeing 747-409B B-165 at Hong Kong International Airport on 4 November 1993 (Archive) - Civil Aviation Department (Hong Kong)
• Transcript of the CAL605 Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) — includes brief overview, 3m24s of cockpit dialog prior to "splash," photo of aircraft in final position.