Dactylorhiza

Dactylorhiza
Common spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Orchidoideae
Tribe:	Orchideae
Subtribe:	Orchidinae
Genus:	Dactylorhiza Neck. ex Nevski, 1937
Synonyms[1]
Coeloglossum Hartm. × Dactyloglossum P.F. Hunt & Summerh. Dactylorchis (Klinge) Verm. Dactylorrhiza Neck., rejected name Diplorrhiza Ehrh. Entaticus Gray, illegitimate superfluous name Satorkis Thouars, illegitimate superfluous name Satyrium L. 1753, rejected name, not the accepted name Sw. 1800 Streptogyne Rchb.f.

Dactylorhiza is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Its species are commonly called marsh orchids or spotted orchids.^[2] Dactylorhiza were previously classified under Orchis, which has two round tubers.^[3]

They are hardy tuberous geophytes. In a thickened underground stem, they can store a large amount of water to survive arid conditions. The tuber is flattened and finger-like. The long leaves are lanceolate and, in most species, also speckled. They grow along a rather long stem which reaches a height of 70–90 cm (28–35 in). Leaves higher on the stem are shorter than leaves lower on the stem. The inflorescence, compared to the length of the plant, is rather short. It consists of a compact raceme with 25-50 flowers. These develop from axillary buds. The dominant colors are white and all shades of pink to red, sprinkled with darker speckles.

The name Dactylorhiza is derived from Greek words δάκτυλος daktylos 'finger' and ῥίζα rhiza 'root', referring to the palmately two- to five-lobed tubers of this genus.

Many species in this genus hybridise so readily that species boundaries themselves are vague (but see^[4]), with regular name changes and no clear answers. A few species colonise very well onto fresh industrial wastes such as pulverised fuel ash, where vast hybrid swarms can appear for a decade or more, before ecological succession replaces them.

34 species are accepted.^[5]

• Dactylorhiza aristata (Fisch. ex Lindl.) Soó – Keyflower (E. China to Alaska)
• Dactylorhiza armeniaca Hedrén – (Turkey)
• Dactylorhiza bucovina Kreutz, Bobocea & Brădeanu
• Dactylorhiza cantabrica H.A.Pedersen
• Dactylorhiza cyrnea W.Foelsche & Cord-Landwehr
• Dactylorhiza czerniakowskae Aver.
• Dactylorhiza elata (Poir.) Soó – Stately Dactylorhiza (W. Europe to NW. Africa)
• Dactylorhiza elcitoi Benigni, Barigelli & Petroselli
• Dactylorhiza euxina (Nevski) Czerep.
• Dactylorhiza foliosa (Rchb.f.) Soó – Richly leaved Dactylorhiza (Madeira)
• Dactylorhiza francis-drucei (Wilmott) Aver.
  • Dactylorhiza francis-drucei var. ebudensis (Wief. ex R.M.Bateman & Denholm) R.M.Bateman & Denholm
  • Dactylorhiza francis-drucei subsp. francis-drucei
  • Dactylorhiza francis-drucei subsp. traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) R.M.Bateman & Denholm
• Dactylorhiza gervasiana (Tod.) H.Baumann & Künkele – (Sicilia to S. Italy)
• Dactylorhiza graggeriana (Soó) Soó – (W. Himalaya)
• Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soó – (Pakistan to SE. Tibet)
• Dactylorhiza iberica (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Soó – (Greece to Iran)
• Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó – early marsh orchid
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cilicica (Klinge) H.Sund.
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. coccinea (Pugsley) Soó
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cruenta (O.F.Müll.) P.D.Sell – (Europe to Turkey)
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. gemmana (Pugsley) P.D.Sell – (W. Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata – (Europe to Mongolia).
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata nothosubsp. krylovii (Soó) ined. – (W. Europe to Siberia).
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. ochroleuca (Wüstnei ex Boll) P.F.Hunt & Summerh. – (Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. pulchella (Druce) Soó – (Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata nothosubsp. versicolor (J.C.Schmidt ex Lüscher) Potucek – (Europe)
• Dactylorhiza insularis (Sommier) Landwehr – Island Dactylorhiza (W. Medit. to WC. Italy)
• Dactylorhiza isculana Seiser
• Dactylorhiza kafiriana Renz – (NE. Afghanistan to W. Himalaya)
• Dactylorhiza kulikalonica Chernyak. – (C. Asia)
• Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó – heath spotted orchid, Moorland Spotted Orchid (NW. Africa, Europe to Siberia).
  • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii (Druce) Hyl. (synonym Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó) – common spotted orchid, Fuch's dactylorhiza (Europe to Siberia)
  • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maculata – (Europe to Siberia)
  • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maurusia (Emb. & Maire) Soó – (Morocco)
  • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. saccifera (Brongn.) Diklic
  • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. sooana Borsos ex Batoušek
  • Dactylorhiza maculata nothosubsp. transiens (Druce) M.H.J.van der Meer
• Dactylorhiza magna (Czerniak.) Ikonn. – (C. Asia)
• Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P.F.Hunt & Summerh. – broad-leaved marsh orchid, western marsh orchid, fan orchid, common marsh orchid (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. baltica (Klinge) H.Sund.
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. calcifugiens H.A.Pedersen – (Denmark)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. cordigera (Fr.) H.Sund.
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. elatior (Fr.) Hedrén & H.A.Pedersen
  • Dactylorhiza majalis nothosubsp. godferyana (Soó) M.H.J.van der Meer
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. kalopissii (E.Nelson) H.A.Pedersen, P.J.Cribb & Rolf Kühn
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. lapponica (Laest. ex Hartm.) H.Sund. (synonyms Dactylorhiza lapponica (Laest.ex Hartm.) Soó and Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (Saut. ex Rchb.) Soó) – (Europe to western Siberia)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. macedonica (J.Hölz. & Künkele) H.A.Pedersen, P.J.Cribb & Rolf Kühn
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. majalis – (Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. nieschalkiorum (H.Baumann & Künkele) H.A.Pedersen, P.J.Cribb & Rolf Kühn
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. occidentalis (Pugsley) P.D.Sell (synonym Dactylorhiza kerryensis (Wilmott) P.F. Hunt & Summerh.) – Irish marsh orchid (W. & SW. Ireland, N. Great Britain)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. pindica (B.Willing & E.Willing) H.A.Pedersen, P.J.Cribb & Rolf Kühn
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. praetermissa (Druce) D.M.Moore & Soó (synonym Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce) Soó) – leopard marsh orchid, southern marsh orchid (W. & NW. Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. pythagorae (Gölz & H.R.Reinhard) H.A.Pedersen, P.J.Cribb & Rolf Kühn – (Samos)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola (Höppner) H.A.Pedersen & Hedrén
• Dactylorhiza phoenissa (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge
• Dactylorhiza purpurella (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Soó – northern marsh orchid (Great Britain, Ireland)
  • Dactylorhiza purpurella var. cambrensis (R.H.Roberts) R.M.Bateman & Denholm
  • Dactylorhiza purpurella var. purpurella
• Dactylorhiza romana (Sebast.) Soó – Roman Dactylorhiza (Mediterranean, Caucasus, and western Asia)
  • Dactylorhiza romana subsp. georgica (Klinge) Soó ex Renz & Taubenheim
  • Dactylorhiza romana subsp. guimaraesii (E.G.Camus) H.A.Pedersen
  • Dactylorhiza romana subsp. romana – Markus' Dactylorhiza (N. Portugal to W. Spain and Italy).
• Dactylorhiza russowii (Klinge) Holub – (C. Europe to Siberia)
• Dactylorhiza sajanensis Stepanov
• Dactylorhiza salina (Turcz. ex Lindl.) Soó – (Caucasus to Amur)
• Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soó – elder-flowered orchid (Europe). Photos
• Dactylorhiza sibirica Efimov
• Dactylorhiza stortonii Benigni, Mandozzi, Monaldi, Barigelli & Petroselli
• Dactylorhiza urvilleana (Steud.) H.Baumann & Künkele – (N. & NE. Turkey to Iran)
• Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase – Frog orchid (subarctic and subalpine Northern Hemisphere).
  • Dactylorhiza viridis var. virescens (Muhl. ex Willd.) Baumbach – (Temp. Asia, N. America)
  • Dactylorhiza viridis var. viridis – (subarctic and subalpine Northern Hemisphere)

Note : nothosubspecies = a hybrid subspecies; nothovarietas = subvariety.

• Dactylorhiza × abantiana (D. iberica × D. nieschalkiorum) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × aldenii (D. iberica × D. kalopissii) (Greece).
• Dactylorhiza × altobracensis (D. maculata × D. sambucina) (France, Austria).
• Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana (D. incarnata × D. majalis) (W. & C. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothosubsp. aschersoniana (W. & C. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothosubsp. templinensis (D. incarnata subsp. ochroleuca × D. majalis) (C. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothovar. uliginosa (D. incarnata subsp.pulchella × D. majalis) (C. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × baicalica (D. incarnata subsp. cruenta × D. salina) (Siberia).
• Dactylorhiza × balabaniana (D. iberica × D. urvilleana) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × bayburtiana (D. euxina × D. umbrosa) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × beckeriana (C. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × boluiana (D. nieschalkiorum × D. saccifera) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × bourdonii (D. brennensis × D. incarnata) (France).
• Dactylorhiza × braunii (D. fuchsii × D. majalis) (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. braunii (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. lilacina (D fuchsii × D. majalis subsp. turfosa) (EC. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. monticola (D. fuchsii subsp. psychrophila × D. majalis) (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. smitakii (D. fuchsii subsp. sooana × D. majalis) (EC. Europe). te
• Dactylorhiza × breviceras (D. osmanica × D. urvilleana) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × carnea (D. incarnata × D. maculata subsp. ericetorum) (W. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × carnea nothosubsp. ampolai (D. incarnata subsp. cruenta × D. maculata) (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × carnea nothosubsp. carnea (W. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × carnea nothosubsp. maculatiformis. (D. incarnata × D. maculata) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × claudiopolitana (D. incarnata × D. schurii) (Europe.
• Dactylorhiza × conigerum (D. maculata × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × csatoi (D. cordigera × D. maculata) (SE. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza czerniakowskae (C. Asia).
• Dactylorhiza × daunia (D. romana × D. saccifera) (S. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × delamainii (D. elata subsp. sesquipedalis × D. maculata) (SW. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × dinglensis (D. maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. majalis subsp. occidentalis) (W. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × dinglensis nothosubsp. dinglensis (W. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × dinglensis nothosubsp. robertsii (D. maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. majalis subsp. cambrensi) (Great Britain).
  • Dactylorhiza × dinglensis nothosubsp. senayi (D. maculata subsp. elodes × D. majalis) (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × dinglensis nothosubsp. townsendiana (D. maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. majalis) (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × dinglensis nothosubsp. vermeuleniana (D. maculata × D. majalis) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × drucei (D. majalis × D. viridis) (W. Europe)
• Dactylorhiza × dubreuilhii (D. elata subsp. sesquipedalis × D. incarnata) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × dufftiana (D. majalis × D. traunsteineri) (Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × dufftii (D. incarnata × D. traunsteineri) (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × dufftii nothosubsp. dufftii (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × dufftii nothosubsp. gotlandica (D incarnata subsp. ochroleuca × D. traunsteineri) (Europe). Tuber geophyte
  • Dactylorhiza × dufftii nothosubsp. stenkyrkae (D. incarnata subsp. cruenta × D. traunsteineri) (Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × erdingeri (D. sambucina × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza euxina (NE. Turkey to Caucasus).
  • Dactylorhiza euxinavar. euxina (NE. Turkey to Caucasus).
  • Dactylorhiza euxinavar. markowitschii (NE. Turkey to Caucasus).
• Dactylorhiza × flixensis (D. incarnata subsp. pulchella × D. traunsteineri.) (Switzerland).
• Dactylorhiza × formosa (D. maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. purpurella) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × fourkensis (D. baumanniana × D. sambucina) (Greece).
• Dactylorhiza × gabretana (D. incarnata × D. maculata × D. sambucina) (Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × genevensis (D. incarnata × D. latifolia × D. maculata) (Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × godferyana (D. majalis × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × grandis (D. fuchsii × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × guilhotii (D. incarnata × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × guillaumeae (D. incarnata × D. sambucina) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × gustavssonii (D. iberica × D. saccifera) (Greece to Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × hallii (D maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × hallii nothosubsp. hallii (W. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × hallii nothosubsp. nummiana (D. maculata subsp. elodes × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × hochreutinerana (D. alpestris × D. incarnata) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × insignis (D. praetermissa × D. purpurella) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × ishorica (D. incarnata × D. longifolia) (European Russia).
• Dactylorhiza × jenensis (D. maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. traunsteineri) (W. & NC. Europe)
• Dactylorhiza × jestrebiensis (D. bohemica × D. majalis) (EC. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × juennensis (D. fuchsii × D. lapponica) (C. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × katarana (D kalopissii × D. saccifera) (Greece).
• Dactylorhiza × kelleriana (D. fuchsii × D. traunsteineri) (Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × kerasovinensis (D. pindica × D. saccifera) (Greece).
• Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum (D. fuchsii × D. incarnata) (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. kerneriorum (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. lillsundica (D. fuchsii × D. incarnata subsp. ochroleuca) (N. & W. Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. variablis (D. fuchsii subsp. hebridensis × D. incarnata) (W. Europe). *Dactylorhiza × komiensis (D. hebridensis × D. maculata) (E. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × kopdagiana (D. iberica × D. umbrosa) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × koutsourana (D. baumanniana × D. smolikana) (Greece).
• Dactylorhiza × kuuskiae (D.longifolia × D. traunsteineri) (E. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × latirella (D. incarnata × D. purpurella) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × lehmannii (D. incarnata × D. russowii) (Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × megapolitana (D. fuchsii × D. russowii) (C. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × metsowonensis (D. kalopissii × D. sambucina) (Greece).
• Dactylorhiza × mixtum (D. fuchsii × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × mulignensis (D. incarnata subsp. pulchella × D. majalis) (C. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × nevskii (D. osmanica × D. umbrosa) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × ornonensis (D. elata subsp. sesquipedalis × D. incarnata × D. maculata) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × paridaeniana (D. elata subsp. sesquipedalis × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × pontica (D. urvilleana × D. viridis) (Turkey)
• Dactylorhiza × prochazkana (D. bohemica × D. maculata) (EC. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × renzii (D. incarnata × D. nieschalkiorum) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × rizeana (D. euxina × D. urvilleana) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × rombucina (D. romana × D. sambucina) (C. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × ruppertii (D. majalis × D. sambucina) (Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × salictina (D. pindica × D. smolikana) (Greece).
• Dactylorhiza × serbica (D. incarnata × D. saccifera) (Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × serreana (D. graeca × D. lagotis) (Greece).
• Dactylorhiza × sivasiana (D. umbrosa × D. urvilleana) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × sooi (D. alpestris × D. fuchsii.) (Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × souflikensis (D. baumanniana × D. pindica) (Greece).
• Dactylorhiza × stagni-novi (D. brennensis × D. fuchsii) (Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × szaboiana (D. cordigera × D. sudetica) (SE. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × transiens (D. fuchsii × D. maculata subsp. ericetorum) (Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza × transiens nothosubsp. corylensis (D. fuchsii subsp. hebridensis × D. maculata)
  • Dactylorhiza × transienssubsp. ericetorum (Europe). Tuber geophyte
  • Dactylorhiza × transiens nothosubsp. transiens (Europe). Tuber geophyte
• Dactylorhiza × turcestanicum (D. umbrosa × D. viridis) (C. Asia).
• Dactylorhiza × vallis-peenae (D. majalis × D. russowii) (C. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × venusta (D. fuchsii × D. purpurella) (Europe).
  • Dactylorhiza × venusta nothosubsp. hebridella (D. fuchsii subsp. hebridensis × D. purpurella) (Great Britain).
  • Dactylorhiza × venusta nothosubsp. venusta (Europe)
• Dactylorhiza × viridella (D. purpurella × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × vitosana (D. saccifera × D. sambucina) (SE. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × vogtiana (D. iberica × D. incarnata) (Turkey).
• Dactylorhiza × vorasica (D. cordigera × D. sambucina) (Greece).
• Dactylorhiza × weissenbachiana (D. incarnata × D. lapponica) (C. Europe).
• Dactylorhiza × wiefelspuetziana (D. maculata × D. sphagnicola) (W. Europe).

This list follows the World checklist of monocotyledons,^[6] periodically amended from the "Orchid Research Newsletter".^[7]

These terrestrial orchids grow in basic soils in wet meadows, bogs, heathland and in areas sparsely populated by trees. They are distributed throughout the subarctic and temperate northern hemisphere. It is found across much of Europe, North Africa and Asia from Portugal and Iceland to Taiwan and Kamchatka, including Russia, Japan, China, Central Asia, the Middle East, Ukraine, Scandinavia, Germany, Poland, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, etc. Inclusion of the widespread frog orchid, often called Coeloglossum viride, into Dactylorhiza as per some recent classifications,^[8][9] expands the genus distribution to include Canada and much of the United States.^[1]

• Box, M.S.; Bateman, R.M.; Glover, B. & Rudall, P. (2008). "Floral ontogenetic evidence of repeated speciation via paedomorphosis in subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 157 (3): 429–454. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00794.x.
• De Hert, Koen; Jacquemyn, Hans; Van Glabeke, Sabine; Roldán-Ruiz, Isabel; Vandepitte, Katrien; Leus, Leen & Honnay, Olivier (2011). "Reproductive isolation and hybridization in sympatric populations of three Dactylorhiza species (Orchidaceae) with different ploidy levels". Annals of Botany. 109 (4): 709–720. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr305. PMC 3286275. PMID 22186278.
• De Hert, Koen; Jacquemyn, Hans; Van Glabeke, Sabine; Roldán-Ruiz, Isabel; Vandepitte, Katrien; Leus, Leen & Honnay, Olivier (2011). "Patterns of hybridization between diploid and derived allotetraploid species of Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) co-occurring in Belgium". American Journal of Botany. 98 (6): 946–955. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000367. PMID 21653507.
• Hedrén, Mikael; Nordström, Sofie & Bateman, Richard M. (2011). "Plastid and nuclear DNA marker data support the recognition of four tetraploid marsh orchids (Dactylorhiza majalis s.l., Orchidaceae) in Britain and Ireland, but require their recircumscription". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 104 (1): 107–128. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01708.x.
• Hedrén, Mikael; Nordström, Sofie & Ståhlberg, David (2012). "Geographical variation and systematics of the tetraploid marsh orchid Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola (Orchidaceae) and closely related taxa". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 168 (2): 174–193. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01198.x.
• Inda, Luis A.; Pimentel, Manuel & Chase, Mark W. (2010). "Chalcone synthase variation and phylogenetic relationships in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 163 (2): 155–165. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01055.x.
• Paun, Ovidiu; Bateman, Richard M.; Fay, Michael F.; Hedrén, Mikael; Civeyrel, Laure & Chase, Mark W. (2010). "Stable epigenetic effects impact adaptation in allopolyploid orchids (Dactylorhiza: Orchidaceae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (11): 2465–2473. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq150. PMC 2955735. PMID 20551043.
• Paun, Ovidiu; Bateman, Richard M.; Fay, Michael F.; Luna, Javier A.; Moat, Justin; Hedrén, Mikael & Chase, Mark W. (2011). "Altered gene expression and ecological divergence in sibling allopolyploids of Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 113. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..113P. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-113. PMC 3112086. PMID 21521507.
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• Media related to Dactylorhiza at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Dactylorhiza at Wikispecies
• Flora of North America Genus page
• Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) in European Russia: combined molecular and morphological analysis Archived 2010-06-26 at the Wayback Machine
• Dactylorhiza picture database
• Mayank Thakur and V. K. Dixit, Aphrodisiac Activity of Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo in Male Albino Rats, Oxford Journals, Medicine, Evidence-based Compl. and Alt. Medicine, Volume 4, Supplement 1, p. 29-31