Guerra a muerte
Guerra a muerte | |||||||||
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Part of the Chilean War of Independence | |||||||||
El malón (1834) by Johann Moritz Rugendas | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Patriots: Mapuche allies:
| Royalists: Mapuche allies:
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Pincheira brothers
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Strength | |||||||||
Chilean Army and militias Mapuche warriors | Royalist semi-regular army and montoneras Mapuche warriors |
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- Patria Vieja (1812–1814)
- 1st Talcahuano
- Linares
- Yerbas Buenas
- Valparaíso
- 1st San Carlos
- 1st La Frontera
- 2nd Talcahuano
- Thomas
- 2nd San Carlos
- 1st Chillán
- Aconcagua
- 1st Quirihue
- Cauquenes
- 2nd La Frontera
- Huilquilemu
- Quilacoya
- Florida
- El Roble
- Trancoyan
- Cucha-Cucha
- Penco
- Gomero
- 1st Talca
- El Quilo
- Membrillar
- Maule River north march
- 1st Cancha Rayada
- 1st Quechereguas
- 1st Concepción
- Rancagua
- Los Papeles
- Reconquista (1815–1817)
- Central Chile insurgency
- Juncalito
- Crossing of the Andes
- Picheuta
- Potrerillos
- Guardia Vieja
- Achupallas
- Las Coimas
- Cumpeo
- Salala
- Chacabuco
- 2nd Valparaíso
- Patria Nueva (1817–1819)
- Juan Fernández Islands
- First southern campaign
- 1st Parral
- Curapalihue
- 3rd La Frontera
- Gavilán Hill
- 3rd Talcahuano
- 1st Carampangue
- 2nd Carampangue
- 2nd Chillán
- Bustamante
- 3rd Valparaíso
- Curaumilla
- 2nd Quechereguas
- Illapel
- 2nd Talca
- 2nd Cancha Rayada
- Maipú
- Second southern campaign
- 2nd Parral
- 2nd Quirihue
- 3rd Chillán
- Biobío River
- Spanish South Sea expedition
- Guerra a muerte (1819–c.1824/7/32)
- Fort Santa Juana
- Mesamávida
- Los Ángeles
- 4th Chillán
- Curalí
- Posillas
- Dolores
- 1st Quilmo
- Curanilahue
- Trilaleo
- Hualqui
- Talcamávida
- Pileo
- 1st Yumbel
- El Avellano
- Fort San Pedro
- 3rd San Carlos
- Monte Blanco
- 1st Araucanía
- 5th Talcahuano
- 2nd Quilmo
- 2nd Yumbel
- Pangal
- Tarpellanca
- 6th Talcahuano
- Cocharcas
- 2nd Concepción
- Chillán River
- 2nd Araucanía
- 3rd Araucanía
- Arauco Bay
- Vegas de Saldías
- 4th Araucanía
- 5th Araucanía
- Coast of Arauco
- Boroa
- Alico
- Laraquete
- Panguilemu
- Bureo
- Pincheira brothers brigandage
- Neuquén
- Valdivia, Osorno and Chiloé (1820–1826)
- Relevant civil conflicts
- Carrera uprising of 1814
- Prieto brothers uprising of 1819
- Osorno mutiny of 1821
- Abdication of O'Higgins in 1823
- Chiloé uprising in 1826
- Campino uprising of 1827
- External fronts
- Aid expeditions to the Río de la Plata
- Brown's privateer expedition to the Pacific
- Chile privateers campaign
- Cochrane campaign
- Liberating Expedition of Peru
- Benavente expedition to Peru
- Coast of Cobija
- Callao
Guerra a muerte (lit. English: War to the death) is a term coined by Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna and used in Chilean historiography to describe the irregular, no-quarter warfare that broke out in 1819 during the Chilean War of Independence.
After the royalists had been expelled from all cities and ports north of the Bio-Bio River, Vicente Benavides organized royalist resistance in La Frontera with the aid of Mapuche chiefs. The aid of the Mapuches was vital to the royalists since they had lost control of all cities and ports north of Valdivia. Most Mapuches valued the treaties they had with the Spanish authorities, while many other Mapuches regarded the matter with indifference and played both sides against each other. The Pincheira brothers, a future outlaw group, served Benavides in the Guerra a muerte by defending the Cordillera.
As result of the Guerra a muerte the government of nascent republic begun to distrust the Franciscan missionaries of Chillán who were regarded as representatives of the old regime. This led to the recruitment of a new contingent of missionaries for Chillán in the 1830s.[1]
See also
- Banditry in Chile
- Parliament of Tapihue (1825)
References
- ^ Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge (1993). "Jesuitas, Franciscanos y Capuchinos italianos en la Araucanía (1600-1900)". Revista Complutense de Historia de América (in Spanish). 19: 109–147. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
Sources
- Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín (1868). La guerra a muerte: memoria sobre las últimas campañas de la Independencia de Chile, 1819-1824 (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Nacional.
- Barros Arana, Diego (1892). Historia jeneral de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. XII. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes.
- Barros Arana, Diego (1894). Historia jeneral de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. XIII. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes.
- Barros Arana, Diego (1897). Historia jeneral de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. XIV. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes.
- Barros Arana, Diego (1897). Historia jeneral de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. XV. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes.
- Barros Arana, Diego (1902). Historia jeneral de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. XVI. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes.
- Barros Arana, Diego (1850). Estudios históricos sobre Vicente Benavides i las campañas del Sur, 1818-1822 (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de Julio Belin y Compañía.
- Gay, Claude (1854). Historia física y política de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. VI. París, Francia: Imprenta de E. Thunot y Cía.
- Gay, Claude (1871). Historia física y política de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. VIII. París, Francia: Imprenta de E. Thunot y Cía.
- Guevara, Tomás (1902). Historia de la civilización de Araucanía: los araucanos y la república (in Spanish). Vol. III. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Barcelona.
- Campos Harriet, Fernando (1958). Los defensores del Rey (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Andrés Bello.
- Ejército de Chile (1980). Historia del Ejército de Chile: el ejército y la organización de la república (1817-1840) (in Spanish). Vol. III. Santiago, Chile: Estado Mayor General del Ejército.
- Ejército de Chile (1997). Historia militar de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. I (3rd ed.). Santiago, Chile: Estado Mayor General del Ejército.
- Riquelme Cortés, Emilia (July–December 2020). "Tropas realistas en la Araucanía durante la guerra a muerte (1819-1824): un espacio de movilización indígena y popular". Claves. Revista de Historia (in Spanish). 6 (11). Montevideo, Uruguay: 105–137. ISSN 2393-6584.
- Ferrando Keun, Ricardo (2012) [1986]. Y así nació La Frontera...: conquista, guerra, ocupación, pacificación. 1550-1900 (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Temuco, Chile: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Temuco. ISBN 978-956-7019-83-0.
- Bengoa, José (1996) [1985]. Historia del pueblo mapuche (siglo XIX y XX) (in Spanish) (5th ed.). Santiago, Chile: Ediciones Sur.
- López Parra, María Paz (December 2019). "La guerra a muerte: las campañas de la consolidación de la independencia en el sur de Chile, 1819–1832". Revista de Historia Militar (in Spanish) (17). Chile: 20–25. ISSN 0719-4641.
- Téllez Lúgaro, Eduardo (2016). "Espacios geoétnicos y confederaciones territoriales de la Araucanía en tiempos de la guerra a muerte". Revista de Historia Indígena (in Spanish) (3). Santiago, Chile: 53–76.
- Manara, Carla G. (2009). Circuitos fronterizos, malones y redes de poder en la órbita revolucionaria (PDF) (Thesis) (in Spanish). Argentina: XII Jornadas Interescuelas/Departamentos de Historia. Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Humanidades y Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche.
- Lara, Horacio (1889). Crónica de la Araucania: descubrimiento i conquista, pacificacion definitiva i campaña de Villa-rica (in Spanish). Vol. II. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta El Progreso.
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