Leicester Castle

Grade I listed archaeological site in Leicester, United Kingdom

52°37′56.4″N 1°8′28.3″W / 52.632333°N 1.141194°W / 52.632333; -1.141194TypeNormanSite informationOpen to
the publiceverydaySite historyBuilt11th centuryBuilt byWilliam the ConquerorIn useLaw court

Scheduled monument

Official nameLeicester Castle and the Magazine GatewayDesignated26 June 1924Reference no.1012147

500m
550yds

Leicester Castle

Map of central Leicester. The dotted line shows the line of the medieval town walls.

Leicester Castle is in the city of the same name in the English county of Leicestershire. The complex is situated in the west of Leicester City Centre, between Saint Nicholas Circle to the north and De Montfort University to the south. A large motte, the Great Hall, the Church of St Mary de Castro, and the ruined Turret Gateway are the substantial remains of what was once a large set of defensive and residential structures. It was historically the seat of the Earls of Leicester, from 1107-1175 under the House of Beaumont, from 1239 to 1265 under the House of Montfort, and after 1267 with the House of Lancaster when the Earldoms of Leicester and Lancaster were combined. The Castle's Great Hall served for centuries as the home of Leicester County Assizes and is encased in a Queen Anne style frontage. The Castle is a scheduled monument.^[1]

History

A view of the castle wall in St Mary de Castro churchyard

The castle motte and church from over the River Soar

Leicester Castle was part of the medieval town defences, built over the Roman walls in the south western corner of the town on the eastern bank of the River Soar.^[2] The castle was probably built around 1070 (soon after the Norman Conquest in 1066)^[3] under the governorship of Hugh de Grandmesnil. The remains of the earliest wave of construction now consist of a mound and various ruins in the bailey. Originally the mound was 40 ft (12.2 m) high.^[4]

In 1107 Robert de Beaumont Count of Meulan was made Earl of Leicester, the first of that title, and granted possession of the castle and the old Roman town by King Henry I. He undertook significant building works in the bailey and established a college of priests to serve a chantry in the castle chapel and the pastoral needs of his household.^[5]

In 1173, Henry II's three eldest sons led a rebellion against him with support from several magnates, including Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester. During the conflict, Henry's forces laid siege to Leicester and burnt most of the town.^[6] The castle was then slighted (partially demolished) and parts of the ditches filled.^[7] According to historian Sidney Painter, it was one of at least 21 castles demolished on Henry II's instructions.^[8]

Kings sometimes stayed at the castle (Edward I in 1300, and Edward II in 1310 and 1311), and John of Gaunt and his second wife Constance of Castile both died here in 1399 and 1394 respectively.^[9]^[10] Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, one of the leading captains in the early phases of the Hundred Years' War died at the castle on 23 March 1361.^[11]

It became an official royal residence during the reigns of Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, and Edward IV, but by the middle of the 15th century, it was no longer considered suitable^[12] and was used mainly as a courthouse; with sessions being held in the Great Hall.^[13] Apart from being used for assize courts, the Great Hall was also used for sessions of the Parliament of England most notably the Parliament of Bats in 1426, when the conditions in London were not suitable.^[14]

A section of the castle wall, adjacent to the Turret Gateway, has gun loops (holes) that were poked through the medieval wall to use as firing ports by the city's residents when Parliamentarian Leicester was besieged, captured, and ransacked, during the English Civil War by the main Royalist Field army under Charles I and Prince Rupert on 31 May 1645.^[15] The third storey of the Turret Gateway (known as 'Prince Rupert's gateway') was destroyed in an election riot in 1832.^[16]

In the 1880s, J. M. Barrie visited the assize courts regularly and spent many hours inside as reporter for the Nottingham Journal when the hall was being used as a court house.^[17] The castle continued to be used as the venue for assizes and quarter sessions and, after 1972, for hearings of Leicester Crown Court until the Leicester Law Courts in Wellington Street were completed in 1981.^[18]^[19]

References

^ Historic England. "Leicester Castle and the Magazine Gateway (1012147)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
^ Creighton, O.H. (2002). Castles and landscapes : power, community and fortification in Medieval England (Pbk. ed.). London: Equinox. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8.
^ "A History of Leicester Castle: The First Castle". Leicester City Council. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
^ Fox, Levi (1941–42). "Leicester Castle" (PDF). Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society. 22: 137.
^ "History". Leicester: St. Mary de Castro. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
^ Purton, Peter F. (2009). A history of the early medieval siege, c. 450-1220. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-84615-803-2.
^ Clarke, David T.-D. (1952). "Archaeology in Leicester, 1939–1951: The Castle" (PDF). Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society. 28: 25.
^ Painter, Sidney (1935). "English Castles in the Early Middle Ages: Their Number, Location, and Legal Position". Speculum. 10 (3): 322. doi:10.2307/2848384. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2848384. S2CID 161654111.
^ Leland's Itenerary Vol.1 Page 17 The Collegiate Church Newarke Constance daughter of Peter King of Castile, and wife of John of Gaunt, lieth before that High Altar in a tomb of marble with an image [Brass] (Like A Queen) on it
^ Charles James Billson, Mediaeval Leicester (Leicester, 1920)
^ Fowler, Kenneth (1961). Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361 (PDF) (Thesis). Leeds: University of Leeds. p. 217-218.
^ James Thompson (1849). The history of Leicester. Index. J.S. Crossley. pp. 456–.
^ Simmons, Jack (1974). Leicester Past and Present: Vol. I. ; Ancient Borough to 1860. London: Eyre Methuen.
^ "The Parliament of Bats – 1426". Semper-eadem.tripod.com. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
^ "The Naseby Campaign". British Civil War Project. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
^ "Turret Gateway: Description of the Ancient Monument". Leicester City Council. 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
^ "From royal residence to business school - the fascinating history of Leicester Castle". De Montfort University. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
^ "The Great Hall". Heritage Gateway. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ Mulcahy, Linda; Rowden, Emma (2019). The Democratic Courthouse: A Modern History of Design, Due Process and Dignity. Taylor and Francis. p. 120. ISBN 978-0429558689. While technically the build was completed in August 1980, Leicester did not open its doors until March 1981.

100m
110yds

south gates

Magazine

'lost' Church of the Newarke (site of)

Newarke Houses

Trinity Hospital

Turret gateway

St Mary de Castro

Castle gateway

Castle Hall

Leicester Castle and The Newarke precinct, showing the Motte and bailey (green), boundary walls of The Newarke (blue), and the southern side of the town wall (red).
The historic sites include:-

Leicester Castle

Castle gateway

Church of St Mary de Castro

Turret gateway

Trinity House - former Trinity Hospital

Newarke Houses Museum

site of Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke, now includes DMU heritage centre

Magazine Gateway

South gates