List of socialist members of the United States Congress
The following is a list of members of the United States Congress who have declared themselves to be socialists or have been a member of a socialist organization in the United States.
The First Red Scare and Second Red Scare, and McCarthy era, resulted in persecution of socialists, removal of socialists from unions, and weaker socialist electoral outcomes.[1]
There are currently more socialists in Congress than any point in US history,[2] most of whom are Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) members.[3]
Table
As of March 16, 2023[update]:
Member | Photo | Chamber | Term start | Term end | State | Party | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greg Casar | ![]() | House | January 3, 2023 | Incumbent | Texas | Democratic Party (DSA member, former Austin DSA endorsee) | [4][5] | |
Summer Lee | ![]() | House | January 3, 2023 | Incumbent | Pennsylvania | Democratic Party (former DSA member and former DSA endorsee[a]) | [6][7] | |
Cori Bush | ![]() | House | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | Missouri | Democratic Party (DSA member and endorsee) | [2][8][9] | |
Jamaal Bowman | ![]() | House | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | New York | Democratic Party (DSA member and NYC-DSA endorsee) | [2][10][11][12] | |
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | ![]() | House | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | New York | Democratic Party (DSA member and endorsee) | [2][13] | |
Rashida Tlaib | ![]() | House | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | Michigan | Democratic Party (DSA member and endorsee) | [2][13] | |
Ilhan Omar | ![]() | House | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | Minnesota | Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party | [b] | |
Bernie Sanders | ![]() | Senate | January 3, 2007 | Incumbent | Vermont | Independent (won all Democratic Party primaries) | [18][19][20] | |
Danny Davis | ![]() | House | January 3, 1997 | Incumbent | Illinois | Democratic Party (former New Party member and DSA member) | [c] | |
Bernie Sanders | ![]() | House | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 2007 | Vermont | Independent (won most Democratic Party votes) | [18][19][20] | |
Major Owens | ![]() | House | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 2007 | New York | Democratic Party (DSA member) | [13][25] | |
David Bonior | ![]() | House | January 3, 1977 | January 3, 2003 | Michigan | Democratic Party (DSA member) | [26][27] | |
Ron Dellums | ![]() | House | January 3, 1971 | February 6, 1998 | California | Democratic Party (DSA member) | [13][28] | |
John Conyers | ![]() | House | January 3, 1965 | December 5, 2017 | Michigan | Democratic Party (DSA member) | [29] | |
William H. Meyer | House | January 3, 1959 | January 3, 1961 | Vermont | Democratic Party (Future Liberty Union Party founder) | [30] | ||
Andrew Biemiller | ![]() | House | January 3, 1949 | January 3, 1951 | Wisconsin | Democratic Party (former Socialist Party of America member) | [31] | |
Leo Isacson | ![]() | House | February 17, 1948 | January 3, 1949 | New York | American Labor Party | [32] | |
Andrew Biemiller | ![]() | House | January 3, 1945 | January 3, 1947 | Wisconsin | Democratic Party (former Socialist Party of America member) | [31] | |
Hugh De Lacy | ![]() | House | January 3, 1945 | January 3, 1947 | Washington | Democratic Party (Communist Party USA member) | [33] | |
Bolívar Pagán | ![]() | House | December 26, 1939 | January 3, 1945 | Puerto Rico | Republican Union (Socialist Party member) | ||
Vito Marcantonio | ![]() | House | January 3, 1939 | January 3, 1951 | New York | American Labor Party | [32][34] | |
John Bernard | ![]() | House | January 3, 1937 | January 3, 1939 | Minnesota | Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party (Future Communist Party USA member) | [35][36] | |
Jerry J. O'Connell | ![]() | House | January 3, 1937 | January 3, 1939 | Montana | Democratic Party | [37] | |
Jerry Voorhis | ![]() | House | January 3, 1937 | January 3, 1947 | California | Democratic Party (former Socialist Party of America member) | [38] | |
Vito Marcantonio | ![]() | House | January 3, 1935 | January 3, 1937 | New York | Republican Party | [32][34] | |
Santiago Iglesias | ![]() | House | March 4, 1933 | December 5, 1939 | Puerto Rico | Socialist Party | ||
Homer Bone | ![]() | Senate | January 3, 1933 | November 13, 1944 | Washington | Democratic Party (former Socialist Party of America member) | [39] | |
Fiorello LaGuardia | ![]() | House | March 4, 1927 | March 3, 1933 | New York | Republican Party (former Socialist Party of America candidate and self-identified socialist) | [40] | |
Fiorello LaGuardia | ![]() | House | March 4, 1925 | March 4, 1927 | New York | Socialist Party of America and Progressive Party | [40] | |
Fiorello LaGuardia | ![]() | House | March 4, 1923 | March 4, 1925 | New York | Republican Party (future Socialist Party of America candidate and self-identified socialist) | [40] | |
Victor Berger | ![]() | House | March 4, 1923 | March 3, 1929 | Wisconsin | Socialist Party of America | [13] | |
Meyer London | ![]() | House | March 4, 1921 | March 3, 1923 | New York | Socialist Party of America | [13] | |
Victor Berger | ![]() | House | March 4, 1919 | November 10, 1919 | Wisconsin | Socialist Party of America | [13] | |
Fiorello LaGuardia | ![]() | House | March 4, 1917 | December 31, 1919 | New York | Republican Party (future Socialist Party of America candidate and self-identified socialist) | [40] | |
George Lunn | ![]() | House | March 4, 1917 | March 4, 1919 | New York | Democratic Party (former Socialist Party of America member) | [41] | |
Meyer London | ![]() | House | March 4, 1915 | March 3, 1919 | New York | Socialist Party of America | [13] | |
Harry Lane | ![]() | Senate | March 4, 1913 | May 23, 1917 | Oregon | Democratic Party | [42] | |
Victor Berger | ![]() | House | March 4, 1911 | March 3, 1913 | Wisconsin | Socialist Party of America | [13] | |
Freeman Knowles | ![]() | House | March 4, 1897 | March 3, 1899 | South Dakota | People's Party (United States) (Future Socialist Party of America Member) | [43] | |
Haldor Boen | ![]() | House | March 4, 1893 | March 3, 1895 | Minnesota | People's Party (United States) (Future Socialist Party of America Member) | [44] | |
Kittel Halvorson | ![]() | House | March 3, 1891 | March 4, 1893 | Minnesota | People's Party (United States) (Future Socialist Party of America Member) | [45] | |
Lewis Featherstone | House | March 5, 1890 | March 3, 1891 | Arkansas | Union Labor Party | |||
Henry Smith | ![]() | House | March 4, 1887 | March 3, 1889 | Wisconsin | Union Labor Party | [46] | |
Horace Greeley | ![]() | House | December 4, 1848 | March 3, 1849 | New York | Whig Party (United States) | [47] | |
Robert Dale Owen | ![]() | House | March 4, 1843 | March 3, 1847 | Indiana | Democratic Party | [48] |
Notable progressive but not socialist Congress members
- Maxwell Frost (1997–, FL-10) is a progressive and the first Generation Z member of Congress. Frost explicitly does not identify as socialist, saying "my family fled that".[49]
- Ayanna Pressley (1974–, MA-07) is a member of "The Squad". Pressley explicitly does not identify as socialist.[50][51]
- Shri Thanedar (1955–, MI-13) is a Democrat and expelled DSA member. Thanedar is not considered a socialist or reflective of the values of the organization.[52][53]
- Raúl Grijalva (1948-, AZ-7) is a Democrat and member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, Blue Collar Caucus and the Justice Democrats. He has been ranked as among the most left leaning members of congress by GovTrack and National journal, and was a member of the Raza Unida Party in his youth, but has not governed as a socialist.
- George Crockett Jr. (1909–1996, MI-13) was a National Lawyers Guild member who attended the DSA founding conference, but never joined the group itself.[54]
- Allard K. Lowenstein (1969-1971, NY-5) was aligned with many New Left causes and was supported in his campaigns by DSA members such as Ron Dellums but never identified as a socialist himself.
- Robert M. La Follette (1855–1925, WI-Sen) aligned himself with Socialist groups but never identified as a Socialist himself.[55]
- American Labor Party–Democratic Party fusion candidates:
- Joseph L. Pfeifer (1935–1951)
- Emanuel Celler (1923–1973)
- Arthur G. Klein (1941–1945, 1946–1956)
- Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (1945–1971)
- Nonpartisan League members:
- United States senators:
- Lynn Frazier (1923–1941)
- William Langer (1941–1959)
- United States representatives:
- John Miller Baer (1917–1921)
- Usher L. Burdick (1949–1959)
- William Lemke (1933–1941; 1943–1950)
- United States senators:
- Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party members:
- United States senators:
- Henrik Shipstead (1923–1941); later became a Republican
- Magnus Johnson (1923–1925)
- Elmer Austin Benson (1935–1937)
- Ernest Lundeen (1937–1940)
- United States representatives:
- William Leighton Carss (1919–1921, 1925–1929)
- Ole J. Kvale (1923–1929)
- Knud Wefald (1923–1927)
- Paul John Kvale (1929–1939)
- Henry M. Arens (1933–1935)
- Magnus Johnson (1933–1935)
- Ernest Lundeen (1933–1937); had previously served as a Republican Representative (1915–1917), also served in the Senate
- Francis Shoemaker (1933–1935)
- United States senators:
See also
- Other lists:
- List of elected socialist mayors in the United States
- List of Democratic Socialists of America public officeholders
- List of Green politicians who have held office in the United States (none at federal level)
- List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States (none at federal level)
- History of the socialist movement in the United States
- Taxation in the United States
- The Squad (United States Congress)
- Congressional Progressive Caucus
- Millennial socialism
Endnotes
- ^ Lee was a member of DSA, but left DSA before winning office after disagreements with the Pittsburgh DSA chapter.[6]
- ^ Omar was not endorsed by DSA, is not a DSA member, and has not explicitly identified as a socialist.[14] However, Omar has allowed publications like Jacobin to identify her as "one of the leading lights of the democratic socialist movement",[15] allowed a staffer to say "she is proud to call herself a democratic socialist",[16] and was called a "friend of DSA" by DSA's leadership council.[17]
- ^ Although Davis was endorsed by the New Party[21] and Chicago DSA[22] in 1996, Davis has since moved rightward. Chicago DSA endorsed candidates primarying him from the left in 2020[23] and 2022.[24]
References
- ^ Wills, Matthew (August 13, 2018). "The Return of Socialism". JSTOR Daily. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Isserman, Maurice (January 11, 2021). "Congress Now Has More Socialists Than Ever Before in U.S. History". In These Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021.
While Dellums and Owens were supportive of DSA, knowledge of their membership in an organization that at the time counted only a few thousand members was mostly left-wing insider baseball. Relatively few of their constituents had likely ever heard of DSA. Not so for the socialists in Congress today, in part because the organization itself has grown a dozen-fold in recent years, recently surpassing 80,000 members. The new socialists' organizational credentials are regularly cited by friends and foes alike ("Democratic socialists salivate over current, future New York state gains," Fox News reported with its usual taste and balance after last November's election.)
- ^ Hernandez, Kristian (November 17, 2022). "Democrats Can't Be Counted On to Stop the MAGA Right, So Socialists Are Stepping Up". In These Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022.
In the House, the entire Squad was re-elected, which includes DSA members and Reps. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY), Jamaal Bowman (D-NY), Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.) and Cori Bush (D-Mo.). They will be joined next year Summer Lee, who won in Pennsylvania. As a result, the next Congress will include more socialists than at any point in U.S. history.
- ^ Sanders, Austin (February 11, 2022). "Greg Casar, DSA, and Palestine: Will It Matter?". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
- ^ Ahlman, Austin; Grim, Ryan (March 1, 2022). "In Texas Primary, Democratic Socialist Greg Casar Prevails With Wide Margin". The Intercept. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022.
- ^ a b Barkan, Ross. "Purge at DSA: Why are Activists Trying to Expel Representative Bowman?". The Nation. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021.
- ^ "Democratic Socialist Summer Lee's Victory in Penn. Gives Progressives a Boost in House". Democracy Now!. November 9, 2022. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022.
- ^ Day, Meagan (August 7, 2020). "Cori Bush on How She Took On the Political Establishment and Won". Jacobin. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Astra (June 17, 2020). "A New Group of Leftist Primary Challengers Campaign Through Protests and the Coronavirus". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020.
- ^ "If You Want to Call Me a Socialist Then Call Me a Socialist". Jacobin. October 24, 2019. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020.
- ^ "Bowman Questionnaire v1.pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ "Endorsed Candidates - NYC Democratic Socialists of America". socialists.nyc. February 1, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Isserman, Maurice (November 8, 2018). "Socialists in the House: A 100-Year History from Victor Berger to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez". Archived from the original on September 7, 2020.
- ^ Alberta, Tim (March 8, 2019). "The Democrats' Dilemma". Politico. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019.
Omar does not openly identify as a democratic socialist like Tlaib and Ocasio-Cortez
- ^ Denvir, Daniel (March 18, 2020). "Ilhan Omar: 'Real Change Is Possible': An Interview With Ilhan Omar". Jacobin. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022.
- ^ Van Oot, Torey (September 10, 2018). "The Reds Are Coming—& They're Young, Female, & Determined To Win America's Heartland". Refinery29. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023.
- ^ "August National Political Committee newsletter — Courage and anger". National Political Committee of the Democratic Socialists of America. August 20, 2020. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020.
- ^ a b Inskeep, Steve (November 6, 2015). "Bernie Sanders On Being Jewish And A Democratic Socialist". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023.
- ^ a b "Bernie Sanders confirms presidential run and damns America's inequities". The Guardian. Associated Press. April 30, 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015.
The self-described 'democratic socialist' enters the race as a robust liberal alternative ...
- ^ a b Matthews, Dylan (November 20, 2015). "A leading socialist explains what Bernie Sanders's socialism gets right — and wrong". Vox Media. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015.
- ^ "March Update". New Party. Archived from the original on February 2, 1999.
The Illinois New Party is working intensively on Willie Delgado's state representative campaign. Delgado is part of an emerging Latino network in Chicago. We're also backing Danny Davis in a Congressional race, Barack Obama for state representative, and judicial candidate Patricia Martin. In addition to the electoral work, the NP in Chicago is supporting a local living wage campaign and an effort to prevent the placement of a waste site on the West Side.
- ^ "Chicago DSA endorsements in the March 19th primary election". New Ground. No. 45 (Mar–Apr 1996). Chicago chapter of Democratic Socialists of America. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009.
And Danny Davis is certainly not foreign to Chicago DSA. From the very beginning, he has always been willing to help: appearing as a speaker with Michael Harrington, serving as a Master of Ceremonies without peer at the annual Debs – Thomas – Harrington Dinner.
- ^ Muwakkil, Salim (July 16, 2019). "In 2008, Democratic Socialists Endorsed Him. Now, a DSA Member Is Primarying Him". In These Times. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020.
- ^ Aikerson, Skyler (June 22, 2022). ""It's Time for Generational Change": Why Progressive Challenger Kina Collins Is Taking on a 25-Year Incumbent". In These Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022.
- ^ Borenstein, Marsha (November 18, 2013). "Major R. Owens, the People's Congressman (1936–2013)". Democratic Left. Democratic Socialists of America. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019.
I was DSA's liaison to Owens' congressional office in Brooklyn. I wrote and called his office when we wanted him to speak at one of our events. He never turned us down. Having once paid dues he believed himself to be a lifetime member of DSA and never let me forget my affiliation with the organization, interrupting me from time to time when I said something that surprised him, with "Is that the official position of DSA?"
- ^ "DSA PAC 1996 Endorsements" (PDF). Democratic Left. No. Raising the Rose Lantern: The Socialist International Comes to the United States (July/August 1996). Democratic Socialists of America. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2019.
- ^ Green, David (March 2015). "DSA Hosts Book Signing Event for Bonior Memoir". Metro Detroit chapter of Democratic Socialists of America. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2018.
Rep. Bonior and his wife Judy are longtime DSA members. They received the Douglass-Debs Award from Detroit DSA in 2003. Rep. Bonior was a co-host for DSA-PAC's successful fundraiser for Bernie Sanders in 2006. It was a pleasure for Detroit DSA to welcome David Bonior home for this event.
- ^ Judis, John (November 1976). "Our Democracy Is More Symbolic Than Real: An Interview With Ron Dellums". Jacobin. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022.
- ^ Margolis, Jon (March 14, 1983). "Bernie of Burlington". The New Republic. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015.
- ^ "L.U.P. History," The Official Website Of The Liberty Union Party – Vermont
- ^ a b Ohm, Howard F.; Bryhan, Leone G., eds. The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1937 Madison: Democrat Printing Company, State Printer, 1937; pp. vii-viii, 53, 360, 432, 542, 543, 544, 551-552
- ^ a b c Greenberg, David (January 3, 2019). "Socialists Are No Strangers to Congress". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019.
- ^ Harvey Klehr, The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade. New York: Basic Books, 1984; pg. 256.
- ^ a b Serby, Benjamin (December 20, 2018). "New York's Last Socialist Congressperson". Jacobin. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022.
- ^ https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B000411
- ^ Haynes, John Earl (1984). Dubious Alliance: The Making of Minnesota's DFL Party. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816613243.
- ^ Pedersen, Vernon (April 8, 2010). "Terminal Hearing: The House Committee on Un‑American Activities and the Death of Jerry J. O'Connell". C-SPAN. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
- "Karl Mundt Archives: Justice 1950-1972". Karl E. Mundt Historical & Educational Foundation and Archives. 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
- Unz, Ron. "Jerry J. O'Connell Archives". The Unz Review: An Alternative Media Selection. Los Angeles, CA: Ron Unz.
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- ^ Gellman, Irwin (1999). The Contender. The Free Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4165-7255-8.
- ^ "Bone, Homer Truett (1883-1970)".
- ^ a b c d Zinn, Howard (1969). LaGuardia in Congress. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7617-4.
- ^ Allen Eddy, "Biographical Notes," New York State Journal, Dec. 8, 1948. Reprinted in George R. Lunn: A Memorial. Rancho Santa Fe, CA: n.p., 1949; unpaginated [pp. 10–13]
- ^ Johnston, Robert. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Freeman Knowles".
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Haldor Erickson Boen".
- ^ "Our Campaigns - ND At-Large Race - Nov 06, 1906".
- ^ Bashford, Robert McKee (1878). "The legislative manual of the state of Wisconsin: comprising the constitutions of the United States and of the state of Wisconsin, Jefferson's manual, forms and laws for the regulation of business; also, lists and tables for reference, etc. Seventeenth Annual Edition 1878".
- ^ Tuchinsky, Adam (2009). Horace Greeley's New-York Tribune: Civil War–Era Socialism and the Crisis of Free Labor. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4667-2. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt7zfzw.
- ^ Estabrook, Arthur (August 29, 2017). "The Family History of Robert Owen". Indiana Magazine of History.
- ^ Sotomayor, Marianna (September 3, 2022). "Maxwell Frost is figuring out how to be Gen Z's likely first congressman". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022.
He wishes Republicans "good luck" with trying to paint him as a socialist, saying, "My family fled that."
- ^ Hess, Abigail (November 6, 2018). "Meet Ayanna Pressley, who is on track to become Massachusetts' first black Congresswoman". CNBC. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018.
Notably, she's not a political rookie, and she does not identify as a democratic socialist.
- ^ Lach, Eric (September 5, 2018). "Ayanna Pressley's Upset Win and Generational Change in the Democratic Party". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018.
Pressley wasn't putting herself forward as a democratic socialist like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who successfully challenged the New York congressman Joe Crowley from the left.
- ^ Bohannon, Molly. "Congressman Leaves Democratic Socialists Of America For Promoting Pro-Palestinian Rally After Hamas Attack". Forbes. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
- ^ Neavling, Steve. "Thanedar was a harsh critic of Israel before becoming an outspoken defender". Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
- ^ https://keywiki.org/images/3/30/Abols.jpg
- ^ Thelen, David Paul (1964). The Early Life of Robert M. La Follette, 1855-1884. University of Wisconsin–Madison.
- Thelen, David P. Robert M. La Follette and the insurgent spirit (1976) online
- Thelen, David Paul. The new citizenship: Origins of progressivism in Wisconsin, 1885–1900 (U of Missouri Press, 1972) online.