Orders of magnitude (molar concentration)
Comparison of a wide range of molar concentrations
This page lists examples of the orders of magnitude of molar concentration. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed.
M denotes the non-SI unit molar:
- 1 M = 1 mol/L = 10−3 mol/m3.
All orders
Factor (Molarity) | SI prefix | Value | Item |
---|---|---|---|
10−24 | yM | 1.66 yM | 1 elementary entity per litre[1] |
8.5 yM | airborne bacteria in the upper troposphere (5100/m3)[2] | ||
10−23 | |||
10−22 | |||
10−21 | zM | 3.6 zM | solar neutrinos on Earth (6.5×1010 /cm2⋅s)[3] |
10−20 | 12 zM | radon in ambient, outdoor air in the United States (0.4 pCi/L ≈ 7000/L)[4] | |
10−19 | 120 zM | indoor radon at the EPA's "action level" (4 pCi/L ≈ 70000/L)[5] | |
686 zM | cosmic microwave background photons in outer space (413/cm3)[6] | ||
10−18 | aM | ||
10−17 | |||
10−16 | |||
10−15 | fM | 2 fM | bacteria in surface seawater (1×109/L)[7] |
10−14 | 20 fM | virions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater (10×109/L)[8] | |
50–100 fM | gold in seawater[9] | ||
10−13 | |||
10−12 | pM | 7.51–9.80 pM | normal range for erythrocytes in blood in an adult male ((4.52–5.90)×1012/L)[10][11] |
10−11 | 10–100 pM | gold in undersea hydrothermal fluids[9] | |
10−10 | 170 pM | upper bound for healthy insulin when fasting[12] | |
10−9 | nM | 5 nM | inhaled osmium tetroxide is immediately dangerous to life or health (1 mg Os/m3)[13] |
10−8 | |||
10−7 | 101 nM | hydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at 25 °C (pKW = 13.99)[14] | |
10−6 | μM | ||
10−5 | |||
10−4 | 180–480 μM | normal range for uric acid in blood[10] | |
570 μM | inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < 3 min (12800 ppm)[15] | ||
10−3 | mM | 0.32–32 mM | normal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5)[16] |
5.5 mM | upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting[17] | ||
7.8 mM | upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating[17] | ||
10−2 | cM | 20 mM | neutrinos during a supernova, 1 AU from the core (1058 over 10 s)[18] |
44.6 mM | pure ideal gas at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa[19] | ||
10−1 | dM | 140 mM | sodium ions in blood plasma[10] |
480 mM | sodium ions in seawater[20] | ||
100 | M | 1 M | standard state concentration for defining thermodynamic activity[21] |
101 | daM | 17.5 M | pure (glacial) acetic acid (1.05 g/cm3)[22] |
40 M | pure solid hydrogen (86 g/L)[23] | ||
55.5 M | pure water at 3.984 °C, temperature of its maximum density (1.0000 g/cm3)[24] | ||
102 | hM | 118.8 M | pure osmium at 20 °C (22.587 g/cm3)[25] |
140.5 M | pure copper at 25 °C (8.93 g/cm3) | ||
103 | kM | ||
104 | 24 kM | helium in the solar core (150 g/cm3 ⋅ 65%)[26] | |
105 | |||
106 | MM | ||
107 | |||
108 | 122.2 MM | nuclei in a white dwarf from a 3 M☉ progenitor star (106.349 g/cm3)[27] | |
109 | GM | ||
1010 | |||
1011 | |||
1012 | TM | ||
1013 | |||
1014 | |||
1015 | PM | ||
1016 | |||
1017 | 228 PM | nucleons in atomic nuclei (2.3×1017 kg/m3 = 1.37×1044/m3)[28] | |
1018 | EM | ||
... | |||
1077 | 3.9×1077 M | the Planck concentration (2.4×10104/m3), inverse of the Planck volume |
SI multiples
Submultiples | Multiples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | SI symbol | Name | Value | SI symbol | Name |
10−1 M | dM | decimolar | 101 M | daM | decamolar |
10−2 M | cM | centimolar | 102 M | hM | hectomolar |
10−3 M | mM | millimolar | 103 M | kM | kilomolar |
10−6 M | μM | micromolar | 106 M | MM | megamolar |
10−9 M | nM | nanomolar | 109 M | GM | gigamolar |
10−12 M | pM | picomolar | 1012 M | TM | teramolar |
10−15 M | fM | femtomolar | 1015 M | PM | petamolar |
10−18 M | aM | attomolar | 1018 M | EM | examolar |
10−21 M | zM | zeptomolar | 1021 M | ZM | zettamolar |
10−24 M | yM | yoctomolar | 1024 M | YM | yottamolar |
10−27 M | rM | rontomolar | 1027 M | RM | ronnamolar |
10−30 M | qM | quectomolar | 1030 M | QM | quettamolar |
See also
References
- ^ 1/L ÷ NA ≈ 1.66 yM
- ^ DeLeon-Rodriguez, Natasha; Lathem, Terry L.; Rodriguez-R, Luis M.; Barazesh, James M.; Anderson, Bruce E.; Beyersdorf, Andreas J.; Ziemba, Luke D.; Bergin, Michael; Nenes, Athanasios; Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T. (12 February 2013). "Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (7): 2575–2580. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.2575D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212089110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3574924. PMID 23359712.
- ^ Bahcall, John N.; Serenelli, Aldo M.; Basu, Sarbani (1 March 2005). "New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes". The Astrophysical Journal. 621 (1): L85–L88. arXiv:astro-ph/0412440. Bibcode:2005ApJ...621L..85B. doi:10.1086/428929. S2CID 1374022.
- ^ "Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? | ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. CDC. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ^ Basic Radon Facts (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ Smoot, George F. (13 May 1997). "The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum". arXiv:astro-ph/9705101. Bibcode:1997astro.ph..5101S.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Gamfeldt, Lars; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Byrnes, Jarrett E. K.; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Griffin, John N. (March 2015). "Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?". Oikos. 124 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1111/oik.01549.
- ^ Bergh, Øivind; Børsheim, Knut Yngve; Bratbak, Gunnar; Heldal, Mikal (August 1989). "High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments". Nature. 340 (6233): 467–468. Bibcode:1989Natur.340..467B. doi:10.1038/340467a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 2755508. S2CID 4271861.
- ^ a b Kenison Falkner, K.; Edmond, J. M. (1 May 1990). "Gold in seawater". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 98 (2): 208–221. Bibcode:1990E&PSL..98..208K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B. ISSN 0012-821X.
- ^ a b c Reference ranges for blood tests
- ^ "Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ^ "Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. WebMD. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
- ^ "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products". www.cdc.gov. CDC. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ Bandura, Andrei V.; Lvov, Serguei N. (2006). "The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35 (1): 15–30. Bibcode:2006JPCRD..35...15B. doi:10.1063/1.1928231.
- ^ Goldstein, Mark (December 2008). "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 34 (6): 538–542. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014. PMID 19022078.
- ^ Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2010). Human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-9591-4.
- ^ a b "Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org.
- ^ "nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova". www.nature.com. Nature Publishing Group 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ^ Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol
- ^ 0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L
- ^ The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). "IUPAC - standard concentration (S05909)". goldbook.iupac.org. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
- ^ PubChem. "Acetic Acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
- ^ Dewar, James (1899). "Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène". Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 18: 145–150.
- ^ Franks, Felix, ed. (1974). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water (2 ed.). New York: Plenum Press. p. 376. ISBN 9781468483345.
- ^ Arblaster, J. W. (1995). "Osmium, the Densest Metal Known". Platinum Metals Review. 39 (4): 164. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ "Helio- and Asteroseismology". solar-center.stanford.edu. Stanford SOLAR Center. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ^ Fields, C. E.; Farmer, R.; Petermann, I.; Iliadis, C.; Timmes, F. X. (20 May 2016). "Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (1): 46. arXiv:1603.06666. Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...46F. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46. S2CID 118706003.
- ^ "The Atomic Nucleus". www.cyberphysics.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- v
- t
- e
- Acceleration
- Angular momentum
- Area
- Bit rate
- Charge
- Computing
- Current
- Data
- Density
- Energy / Energy density
- Entropy
- Force
- Frequency
- Illuminance
- Length
- Luminance
- Magnetic moment
- Magnetic field
- Mass
- Molarity
- Numbers
- Power
- Pressure
- Probability
- Radiation
- Sound pressure
- Specific heat capacity
- Speed
- Temperature
- Torque
- Time
- Voltage
- Volume
- Astronomical system of units
- Earth's location in the Universe
- Cosmic View (1957 book)
- To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film)
- Cosmic Zoom (1968 film)
- Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films)
- Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary)
- The Scale of the Universe (2010)
- Cosmic Eye (2012)
Category