White-bellied antbird

White-bellied antbird
Male near Morne La Croix, Trinidad
Female
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Thamnophilidae
Genus:	Myrmeciza G.R. Gray, 1841
Species:	M. longipes
Binomial name
Myrmeciza longipes (Swainson, 1825)

The white-bellied antbird (Myrmeciza longipes), is a passerine bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Panama, on Trinidad, and across northern South America.^[2] It is also called Swainson's antcatcher (usually in historical sources) after William John Swainson, who first described it scientifically.^{[citation needed]}

The white-bellied antbird was described by the English naturalist William John Swainson in 1825 and given the binomial name Drymophila longipes.^[3] It was moved to genus Myrmeciza in 1841 by the English zoologist George Robert Gray with it as the type species.^[4] The genus formerly included more than 20 species. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2013 found that Myrmeciza, as then defined, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, most of the species then in Myrmeciza were moved to 12 other genera leaving the white-bellied antbird as only the only member of the genus.^[5][2]

The name Myrmeciza derives from the Greek "myrmeco-" (ant) and "-izo" (ambush). The specific epithet also comes from Greek, "longi-" (long) and "-pes" (foot). Both are somewhat inaccurate, as the species is not an obligate army ant follower, does not specialize in eating ants, and does not have unusually long legs.^[6]

The white-bellied antbird has these four subspecies:^[2]

• M. l. panamensis Ridgway, 1908
• M. l. longipes (Swainson, 1825)
• M. l. boucardi von Berlepsch, 1888
• M. l. griseipectus von Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902

Some authors have suggested that some of the subspecies warrant treatment as full species.^[7]

The white-bellied antbird is about 15 cm (5.9 in) long and weighs an average of about 28 g (0.99 oz). Adult males of the nominate subspecies M. l. longipes have a cinnamon rufous crown, upperparts, wings, and tail. They have a hidden white patch between their scapulars. Their lesser wing coverts have white or pale buff edges and sometimes cinnamon tips. The sides of their head, their throat, and their upper breast are black and bordered with slate gray. Their lower breast and belly are white, their flanks tawny or buffy, and their undertail coverts tawny. Adult females have similar upperparts to males with the addition of black bars near the end of their wing coverts. The sides of their head are dark brown. Their chin is white, their throat and upper breast ochraceous buff, their lower breast and belly white, their flanks ochraceous buff, and their undertail coverts tawny ochraceous. Both sexes' legs and feet are pinkish gray.^[6][8][9]

Males of subspecies M. l. panamensis have more black and less white on their underparts than the nominate. M. l. boucardi males have a gray crown; females are richer ochraceous on their throat and breast than the nominate. M. l. griseipectus males have black extending only slightly onto their breast and also large black spots on their wing coverts. Females have more white on their belly than the nominate.^{[6][8][9][10][11]}

The white-bellied antbird has a disjunct distribution. The subspecies are found thus:^{[6][8][9][10][11][12]}

• M. l. panamensis: Caribbean slope of Panama from Colón Province east, Pacific slope of Panama from Coclé Province east, and northern Colombia from extreme northern Chocó Department east to La Guajira Department
• M. l. longipes: from east slope of northeastern Colombia's Eastern Andes east through northern Venezuela to Sucre state; Trinidad
• M. l. boucardi: upper Magdalena River Valley in central Colombia
• M. l. griseipectus : east of the Andes in central Colombia's Meta Department, southern and eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and northeastern Brazil north of the Amazon from Roraima east

The white-bellied antbird primarily inhabits the floor and understorey of moderately humid semi-deciduous forest. It also occurs in deciduous forest, small tracts of more humid rainforest, gallery forest, and shrubby secondary forest. In elevation it reaches 500 m (1,600 ft) in Panama, 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in Colombia, 1,300 m (4,300 ft) in Venezuela, and 700 m (2,300 ft) in Brazil.^{[6][8][9][10][11][12]}

The white-bellied antbird is a year-round resident throughout its range.^[12]

The white-bellied antbird feeds on a variety of insects and probably also spiders. Individuals, pairs, and family groups forage in dense vegetation mostly on the ground and also up to about 1 m (3 ft) above it. It captures prey by tossing aside and picking from leaf litter, by reaching to glean vegetation, or by jumping up to the underside of overhanging vegetation. It regularly follows army ant swarms but is not dependent on them. It seldom joins mixed-species feeding flocks.^[6][8][9]

The white-bellied antbird's breeding season has not been fully defined and appears to vary geographically, but it overall spans at least March to June. It builds a cup nest of twigs and rootlets lined with finer fibers. Its clutch size appears to be two eggs; they are white to creamy white with brown, lilac, or purple markings.^[6]

The male white-bellied antbird's song is "a bright, ringing crescendo of 15-25 loud, rapid jeer notes...descending, trailing off, and ending in a few chew notes on [the] same pitch".^[8] Females sing a similar though shorter song.^[6] The species' calls include "a short, liquid rattle" and a "long...thin, downslurred whistle, sometimes abbreviated".^[6]

The IUCN has assessed the white-bellied antbird as being of Least Concern. It has a large range and an estimated population of at least 500,000 mature individuals. Its population is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.^[1] It is considered fairly common to common across its range, which includes "numerous parks and reserves in nearly every country".^[6]

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Genera of passerines and their extinct allies

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Aves
• Clade: Psittacopasseres
• Order: Passeriformes

Passeriformes
incertae sedis †Corvitalusoides †Jamna †Winnicavis †Yunnanus Acanthisitti Acanthisittidae Acanthisitta †Dendroscansor †Kuiornis †Pachyplichas †Traversia Xenicus Eupasseres Tyranni †Crosnoornis †Wieslochia Eurylaimides Calyptomenidae Calyptomena Smithornis Eurylaimidae Corydon Cymbirhynchus Eurylaimus Psarisomus Pseudocalyptomena Sarcophanops Serilophus Philepittidae Neodrepanis Philepitta Pittidae Erythropitta Hydrornis Pitta Sapayoidae Sapayoa Tyrannides See below ↓ Passeri See below ↓

Tyrannides

Conopophagidae Cephalopterus Conopophaga Pittasoma Cotingidae Ampelioides Ampelion Carpodectes Carpornis Conioptilon Cotinga Doliornis Gymnoderus Haematoderus Lipaugus Querula Perissocephalus Phibalura Phoenicircus Phytotoma Pipreola Porphyrolaema Procnias Pyroderus Rupicola Snowornis Xipholena Zaratornis Formicariidae Chamaeza Formicarius Furnariidae Berlepschia †Pseudoseisuropsis Sclerurinae Geositta Sclerurus Dendrocolaptinae Dendrocolaptini Campylorhamphus Dendrexetastes Dendrocolaptes Dendroplex Drymornis Drymotoxeres Glyphorynchus Hylexetastes Lepidocolaptes Nasica Xiphocolaptes Xiphorhynchus Sittasomini Certhiasomus Dendrocincla Deconychura Sittasomus Furnariinae Xenops Pygarrhichini Microxenops Ochetorhynchus Pygarrhichas Furnariini Cinclodes Furnarius Geocerthia Limnornis Lochmias Phleocryptes Premnornis Pseudocolaptes Tarphonomus Upucerthia Philydorini Anabacerthia Anabazenops Ancistrops Automolus Cichlocolaptes Clibanornis Dendroma Heliobletus Megaxenops Philydor Syndactyla Thripadectes Synallaxini Acrobatornis Anumbius Aphrastura Asthenes Certhiaxis Coryphistera Cranioleuca Hellmayrea Leptasthenura Limnoctites Margarornis Mazaria Metopothrix Phacellodomus Premnoplex Pseudasthenes Pseudoseisura Roraimia Schoeniophylax Siptornis Spartonoica Sylviorthorhynchus Synallaxis Thripophaga Xenerpestes Grallariidae Cryptopezus Grallaria Grallaricula Hylopezus Myrmothera Melanopareiidae Melanopareia Pipridae Ceratopipra Chiroxiphia Chloropipo Corapipo Cryptopipo Heterocercus Ilicura Lepidothrix Machaeropterus Manacus Masius Neopelma Pipra Pseudopipra Tyranneutes Xenopipo Rhinocryptidae Acropternis Eleoscytalopus Eugralla Liosceles Merulaxis Myornis Psilorhamphus Pteroptochos Rhinocrypta Scelorchilus Scytalopus Teledromas Thamnophilidae Euchrepomidinae Euchrepomis Myrmornithinae Myrmornis Pygiptila Thamnistes Thamnophilinae Formicivorini Formicivora Myrmochanes Myrmotherula Terenura Microrhopiini Ammonastes Aprositornis Clytoctantes Epinecrophylla Microrhopias Myrmophylax Myrmorchilus Neoctantes Pithyini Cercomacra Cercomacroides Drymophila Gymnopithys Hypocnemis Oneillornis Phaenostictus Phlegopsis Pithys Rhegmatorhina Sciaphylax Willisornis Pyriglenini Akletos Ampelornis Gymnocichla Hafferia Hylophylax Hypocnemoides Myrmeciza Myrmelastes Myrmoborus Myrmoderus Percnostola Poliocrania Pyriglena Rhopornis Sclateria Sipia Thamnophilini Batara Biatas Cymbilaimus Dichrozona Dysithamnus Frederickena Herpsilochmus Hypoedaleus Isleria Mackenziaena Megastictus Radinopsyche Rhopias Sakesphoroides Sakesphorus Taraba Thamnomanes Thamnophilus Xenornis Tityridae Iodopleura Laniisoma Laniocera Myiobius Onychorhynchus Oxyruncus Pachyramphus Schiffornis Terenotriccus Tityra Xenopsaris Tyrannidae Agriornis Alectrurus Anairetes Aphanotriccus Arundinicola Atalotriccus Attila Calyptura Camptostoma Capsiempis Casiornis Cnemarchus Cnemotriccus Cnipodectes Colonia Colorhamphus Conopias Contopus Corythopis Culicivora Elaenia Empidonax Empidonomus Euscarthmus Fluvicola Griseotyrannus Gubernetes Guyramemua Hemitriccus Heteroxolmis Hirundinea Hymenops Inezia Knipolegus Lathrotriccus Legatus Lessonia Leptopogon Lophotriccus Machetornis Mecocerculus Megarynchus Mionectes Mitrephanes Muscigralla Muscipipra Muscisaxicola Myiarchus Myiodynastes Myiopagis Myiophobus Myiornis Myiotheretes Myiotriccus Myiozetetes Nengetus Neopipo Neoxolmis Nephelomyias Nesotriccus Ochthoeca Ochthornis Oncostoma Ornithion Phelpsia Philohydor Phyllomyias Phylloscartes Piprites Pitangus Platyrinchus Poecilotriccus Pogonotriccus Polystictus Pseudelaenia Pseudocolopteryx Pseudotriccus Pyrocephalus Pyrope Pyrrhomyias Ramphotrigon Rhynchocyclus Rhytipterna Satrapa Sayornis Serpophaga Silvicultrix Sirystes Stigmatura Sublegatus Suiriri Syrtidicola Tachuris Taeniotriccus Todirostrum Tolmomyias Tumbezia Tyrannopsis Tyrannulus Tyrannus Uromyias Xenotriccus Xolmis Zimmerius

Passeri

†Resoviaornis Acanthizidae Acanthiza Acanthornis Aethomyias Aphelocephala Calamanthus Gerygone Hylacola Neosericornis Oreoscopus Origma Pachycare Pycnoptilus Pyrrholaemus Sericornis Smicrornis Atrichornithidae Atrichornis Callaeidae Callaeas †Heteralocha Philesturnus Climacteridae Climacteris Cormobates Cnemophilidae Cnemophilus Loboparadisea Dasyornithidae Dasyornis Maluridae Amytornithinae Amytornis Malurinae Malurini Chenorhamphus Clytomyias Malurus Sipodotus Stipiturini Stipiturus Melanocharitidae Melanocharis Oedistoma Rhamphocharis Toxorhamphus Meliphagidae Acanthagenys Acanthorhynchus Anthochaera Anthornis Ashbyia Bolemoreus Caligavis Certhionyx Cissomela Conopophila Entomyzon Epthianura Foulehaio Gavicalis Gliciphila Glycichaera Glycifohia Grantiella Guadalcanaria Gymnomyza Lichenostomus Lichmera Macgregoria Manorina Meliarchus Melidectes Melilestes Melionyx Meliphacator Meliphaga Melipotes Melithreptus Melitograis Microptilotis Myza Myzomela Nesoptilotis Oreornis Plectorhyncha Philemon Phylidonyris Ptiloprora Ptilotula Prosthemadera Purnella Pycnopygius Ramsayornis Stomiopera Stresemannia Sugomel Territornis Timeliopsis Trichodere Vosea Xanthotis Menuridae Menura Notiomystidae Notiomystis Orthonychidae Orthonyx †Palaeoscinidae Palaeoscinis Pardalotidae Pardalotus Pomatostomidae Garritornis Pomatostomus Ptilonorhynchidae Ailuroedus Amblyornis Archboldia Chlamydera Prionodura Ptilonorhynchus Scenopoeetes †Sericuloides Sericulus Corvides See Corvides Passerida See Passerida