Third World Approaches to International Law
Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) adalah mazhab kritis dari teori hukum internasional[1] dan gerakan intelektual dan politik.[2] TWAIL adalah "penolakan dialektik besar-besaran terhadap hukum internasional”[3] yang menganggap hukum internasional melanjutkan eksploitasi Dunia Ketiga melalui subordinasi ke negara-negara Barat. Para pakar TWAIL (disebut TWAIL-ers[4]) berusaha mengubah aspek-aspek penindasan dalam hukum internasional[2] dengan meninjau ulang dasar-dasar kolonial dalam hukum internasional.[2]
Sejarah
Generasi I
TWAIL terinspirasi oleh gerakan dekolonisasi yang terjadi setelah Perang Dunia II[3] di Amerika Latin, Afrika, dan Asia.[1] Konferensi Asia Afrika yang diselenggarakan di Bandung, Indonesia, tahun 1955[3] diakui sebagai tempat kelahiran TWAIL karena kala itu negara-negara Afrika dan Asia bersatu untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan Dunia Ketiga. TWAIL tampil untuk menunjukkan persoalan material dan etis serta kesulitan yang dihadapi Dunia Ketiga.[5]
Generasi II
Kajian dan organisasi TWAIL dirintis oleh sekumpulan mahasiswa S2 Harvard Law School tahun 1996.[6] Setelah konferensi kajian pascakolonialisme, teori ras kritis, dan hukum dan pembangunan di Harvard Law School bulan Desember 1995, para mahasiswa S2 mengadakan pertemuan untuk menilai kelayakan pendekatan dunia ketiga terhadap hukum internasional. Para pakar TWAIL telah mengadakan konferensi di universitas-universitas berikut ini:
- TWAIL I – Harvard Law School, 1997
- TWAIL II – Osgoode Hall Law School, 2001
- TWAIL III – Albany Law School, 2007
- TWAIL IV – University of British Columbia, 2008
- TWAIL V – University of Oregon Law School, 2011
- TWAIL VI - American University in Cairo, 2015[7]
Tujuan
Tujuan utama TWAIL adalah:
- Membangun pemahaman tentang bagaimana hukum internasional melanjutkan subordinasi bangsa non-Eropa ke bangsa Eropa melalui norma hukum internasional.[3]
- Menciptakan kesempatan partisipasi Dunia Ketiga dalam hukum internasional.[8][9]
- Mengusulkan mekanisme hukum internasional alternatif yang berdiri bersama kritikus pendekatan neoliberal terhadap hukum internasional.[10]
- Memberantas kemiskinan di Dunia Ketiga lewat pendidikan, kebijakan, dan politik.[11]
- Memahami dan melibatkan pendidikan Dunia Ketiga dalam analisis hukum internasional.[8][9]
Lihat pula
- Hukum internasional umum
- Marxisme
- Teori ras kritis
- Teori feminis
- Dekolonisasi
- Human Rights
- Dunia Pertama
- Dunia Ketiga
- Sejarah hukum internasional umum
Pranala luar
- http://waynemorsecenter.uoregon.edu/conferences-symposia/twail/twail-primer/ Diarsipkan 2015-06-20 di Wayback Machine.
- http://www.twail.net Diarsipkan 2016-09-08 di Wayback Machine.
- http://opiniojuris.org/2007/04/18/twail-iii-the-third-world-and-international-law/
Referensi
Catatan kaki
- ^ a b O. Okafor, (2005). “Newness, Imperialism, and International Legal Reform in Our Time: A TWAIL Perspective”, Osgoode Hall Law Journal 43(1 & 2), p. 177
- ^ a b c M. Mutua, (2000) “What is TWAIL?”, Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law: pp.31-40, p. 38
- ^ a b c d M. Mutua, (2000) “What is TWAIL?”, Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law: pp.31-40, p. 31
- ^ L. Eslava, and S. Pahuja, (2011). “Between Resistance and Reform: TWAIL and the Universality of International Law”, Trade, Law and Development 3(1), p. 26
- ^ B.S. Chimni (2006) “Third World Approaches to international Law: Manifesto”, International Community Law Review 8: pp. 3-27, p. 4
- ^ J. T. Gathii (2011) “TWAIL: A Brief History of its Origins, its Decentralized Network and a Tentative Bibliography”, Trade, Law and Development, 3 (1): pp. 26-48, p. 28
- ^ "Salinan arsip" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2015-10-24.
- ^ a b J. T. Gathii (2011) “TWAIL: A Brief History of its Origins, its Decentralized Network and a Tentative Bibliography”, Trade, Law and Development, 3 (1): pp. 26-48, p. 8-9
- ^ a b K. Mickelson, (2008) “Taking Stock of TWAIL Histories”, 10 INT. COMMUNITY L. REV. 355 p. 357
- ^ B.S. Chimni (2006) “Third World Approaches to international Law: Manifesto”, International Community Law Review 8: pp. 3-27, p. 22
- ^ M. Mutua, (2000) “What is TWAIL?”, Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law: pp.31-40, p.31
Daftar pustaka
- A. Anghie; B.S. Chimni (2003) “Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual Responsibility in Internal Conflicts”, Chinese Journal of International Law 2(1): pp. 77–103.
- B.S. Chimni (2006) “Third World Approaches to international Law: Manifesto”, International Community Law Review 8: pp. 3–27.
- B.S. Chimni (ed.) (2011) Third World Approaches to International Law, 3:1 Trade, Law and Development. Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine.
- D.P. Fidler, (2003) “Revolt Against or From Within the West? TWAIL, the Developing World, and the Future Direction of International Law”, 2(1) Chinese Journal of International Law 29.
- H. Richardson III, (2003) “U.S. Hegemony, Race and Oil in Deciding United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 on Iraq”, 17 TEMP. INT’L & COMP. L.J. 27.
- J. Alvarez, (2003) “Hegemonic International Law Revisited”, 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 881 Hereinafter: Alvarez Hegemonic IL.
- J. Alvarez, (2010) “My Summer Vacation Part II: Revisiting TWAIL in Paris”.
- J. T. Gathii (2011) “TWAIL: A Brief History of its Origins, its Decentralized Network and a Tentative Bibliography”, Trade, Law and Development, 3 (1): pp. 26–48.
- K. Mickelson, (2008) “Taking Stock of TWAIL Histories”, 10 INT. COMMUNITY L. REV. 355.
- L. Eslava, and S. Pahuja, (2011). “Between Resistance and Reform: TWAIL and the Universality of International Law”, Trade, Law and Development 3(1).
- M. Mutua, (2000) “What is TWAIL?”, Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law: pp. 31–40.
- M.W. Janis, (1983) “Towards a New International Order by Mohammed Bedjaoui”, 6 B.C. INT’L & COMP. L. REV. 355.
- O. Okafor, (2005). “Newness, Imperialism, and International Legal Reform in Our Time: A TWAIL Perspective”, Osgoode Hall Law Journal 43(1 & 2).
- M. Fakhri, (2012). "Questioning TWAIL's Agenda", 14:1 Oregon Review of International Law 1.