Arisaema
Arisaema | |
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Arisaema triphyllum | |
Pengelasan saintifik ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Alam: | Plantae |
Klad: | Trakeofit |
Klad: | Monokot |
Order: | Alismatales |
Keluarga: | Araceae |
Subkeluarga: | Aroideae |
Tribus: | Arisaemateae |
Genus: | Arisaema Mart. |
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Julat genus Arisaema. | |
Sinonim[1] | |
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Whipcord_Cobra_Lily.jpg/220px-Whipcord_Cobra_Lily.jpg)
Arisaema ialah suatu genus tumbuhan berbunga keluarga Araceae yang besar dan rencam. Tumpuan terbesar spesies ini adalah di China dan Jepun, dengan spesies lain tempatan di belahan lain selatan Asia semacam selatan dan tengah Afrika, Mexico, dan timur Amerika Utara.[1] Spesies Asia kerap dipanggil cobra lily, sedangkan spesies barat dipanggil jack-in-the-pulpit; kededua nama merujuk pada tampilan tersendiri bunganya, yang mana terdiri daripada tongkol tegak memusat yang muncul dari seludang.[2][3] Ia turut dipanggil likir lantaran bentuknya menyamai lekir dalam genus Amorphophallus.[4]
Pengelasan dan hubungan
Saudara terdekat Arisaema tampaknya Pinellia dan Typhonium (sungguhpun yang kedua itu sesuai yang ditakrifkan pada 2004 kelihatannya parafiletik, melahirkan Arisaema dan genus lain). Satu ciri luar biasa yang dikongsi oleh kesemua spesies Arisaema dan bukan genus lain adalah penukaran jantina atau tindakan hermofrodit berurutan. Tumbuhan Arisaema selalunya jantan ketika kecil, dan betina atau sangkan apabila besar, dengan tumbuhan tunggal mampu menukarkan jantina berdasarkan nutrisi dan baka,[5] dan agaknya bertukar jantina beberapa kali sepanjang hidupnya yang panjang (20 tahun atau lebih).[6]
Spesies
- Arisaema abei Seriz – Pulau Shikoku di Jepun
- Arisaema aequinoctiale Nakai & F.Maek – Honshu, Kepulauan dan Shikoku di Jepun
- Arisaema agasthyanum Sivad. & C.S.Kumar – Barat laut India
- Arisaema album N.E.Br. – Arunachal Pradesh dan Assam di India
- Arisaema amurense Maxim. – Timur jauh Russia, China, Korea Utara
- Arisaema anomalum Hemsl. – Semenanjung Malaysia
- Arisaema aprile J.Murata – Semenanjung Izu di Pulau Honshu di Jepun
- Arisaema aridum H.Li – Yunnan
- Arisaema asperatum N.E.Br – China, timur Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
- Arisaema auriculatum Buchet – Sichuan, Hunan, Yunnan di China
- Arisaema austroyunnanense H.Li – Yunnan, Vietnam
- Arisaema averyanovii V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce – Vietnam
- Arisaema balansae Engl. – Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, timur China
- Arisaema bannaense H.Li – Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar, Yunnan
- Arisaema barbatum Buchet – Yunnan, Thailand, Jawa, Bali
- Arisaema barnesii C.E.C.Fisch – India, Sri Lanka
- Arisaema bockii Engl. – China
- Arisaema bonatianum Engl. – Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema bottae Schott – Yaman
- Arisaema brucei H.Li, R.Li & J.Murata – Yunnan
- Arisaema calcareum H.Li – Yunnan
- Arisaema candidissimum W.W.Sm. – Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema caudatum Engl. – barat India
- Arisaema chuanxiense Z.Y.Zhu, B.Q.Min & S.J.Zhu – Sichuan
- Arisaema chumponense Gagnep. – Thailand
- Arisaema ciliatum H.Li – Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema clavatum Buchet – Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan
- Arisaema concinnum Schott – Tibet, Assam, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, timur dan utara India
- Arisaema condaoense V.D.Nguyen – Pulau Condao di Vietnam
- Arisaema consanguineum Schott – selatan China, Himalaya, Indochina
- Arisaema constrictum E.Barnes – Sri Lanka
- Arisaema cordatum N.E.Br. – Guangxi, Guangdong, Lantao
- Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart. – Tibet, Nepal
- Arisaema cucullatum M.Hotta – Honshu di Jepun
- Arisaema dahaiense H.Li – Yunnan, Myanmar
- Arisaema decipiens Schott – selatan China, timur Himalaya, Vietnam
- Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott – Mexico; timur Amerika Syarikat, timur Canada
- Arisaema echinatum (Wall.) Schott – Tibet, Nepal, Yunnan, timur Himalaya
- Arisaema echinoides H.Li – Yunnan
- Arisaema ehimense J.Murata & J.Ohno – Shikoku di Japan
- Arisaema elephas Buchet – Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet, Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema enneaphyllum Hochst. ex A.Rich. – Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Yaman
- Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott – Nepal
- Arisaema exappendiculatum H.Hara – Nepal, Tibet
- Arisaema fargesii Buchet – Tibet, Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema filiforme (Reinw.) Blume – Borneo, Jawa, Malaysia, Sumatera
- Arisaema fimbriatum Masters – Thailand, Semenanjung Malaysia, Pulau Langkawi
- Arisaema flavum (Forsk.) Schott – Ethiopia, Somalia, Semenanjung Tanah Arab, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Assam, Himalaya, Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan
- Arisaema formosanum (Hayata) Hayata – Taiwan
- Arisaema franchetianum Engl. – Tibet, Myanmar, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema fraternum Schott – Assam
- Arisaema galeatum N.E.Br. – Tibet, Bhutan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
- Arisaema garrettii Gagnep. – Thailand
- Arisaema ghaticum (Sardesai, S.P.Gaikwad & S.R.Yadav) Punekar & Kumaran – Maharashtra
- Arisaema grapsospadix Hayata – Fujian, Taiwan
- Arisaema griffithii Schott – Nepal, Darjiling, Tibet
- Arisaema hainanense C.Y.Wu ex H.Li, Y.Shiao & S.L.Tseng – Hainan
- Arisaema handelii Stapf ex Hand.-Mazz. – Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan
- Arisaema heterocephalum Koidz. – Kepulauan Ryukyu
- Arisaema heterophyllum – Korea, Jepun, China
- Arisaema hunanense Hand.-Mazz. – Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan
- Arisaema ilanense J.C.Wang – Taiwan
- Arisaema inclusum (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br. ex B.D.Jacks. – Jawa, Sumatera, Flores
- Arisaema intermedium Blume – Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, timur Himalaya
- Arisaema ishizuchiense Murata – Honshu, Shikoku
- Arisaema iyoanum Makino – Honshu, Shikoku
- Arisaema jacquemontii Blume – Afghanistan, utara Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Himalaya di India
- Arisaema jethompsonii Thiyagaraj & P.Daniel – Tamil Nadu
- Arisaema jingdongense H.Peng & H.Li – Yunnan
- Arisaema kawashimae Seriz – Kepulauan Ryukyu
- Arisaema kerrii Craib – Thailand
- Arisaema kishidae Makino ex Nakai – Honshu
- Arisaema kiushianum Makino – Honshu, Kyushu
- Arisaema kuratae Seriz – Honshu
- Arisaema lackneri Engl. – Yunnan, Myanmar
- Arisaema laminatum Blume – Borneo, Jawa, Bali, Sumatera, Semenanjung Malaysia, Borneo, Palawan
- Arisaema leschenaultii Blume – selatan India, Sri Lanka
- Arisaema lichiangense W.W.Sm. – Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema lidaense J.Murata & S.K.Wu – Yunnan
- Arisaema lihenganum J.Murata & S.K.Wu – Guangxi
- Arisaema limbatum Nakai & F.Maek. – Jepun
- Arisaema linearifolium Gusman & J.T.Yin – Yunnan
- Arisaema lingyunense H.Li – Guangxi, Assam, Myanmar
- Arisaema lobatum Engl. – China
- Arisaema longipedunculatum M.Hotta – Jepun
- Arisaema longitubum Z.X.Ma. – China
- Arisaema macrospathum Benth. – Mexico
- Arisaema maekawae J.Murata & S.Kakish. – Honshu
- Arisaema mairei H.Lév. – Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema maximowiczii (Engl.) Nakai – Kyushu
- Arisaema maxwellii Hett. & Gusman – Thailand
- Arisaema melanostomum Z.X. Ma, X. Yun Wang & W.Y. Du - China
- Arisaema melanostomum Z.X. Ma, X. Yun Wang & W.Y. Du – China
- Arisaema meleagris Buchet – Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema menglaense Y.H.Ji, H.Li & Z.F.Xu – Guangxi
- Arisaema microspadix Engl. – Jawa, Timor
- Arisaema mildbraedii Engl. – Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi
- Arisaema minamitanii Seriz – Kyushu
- Arisaema minus (Seriz.) J.Murata – Honshu
- Arisaema monophyllum Nakai – Honshu
- Arisaema mooneyanum M.G.Gilbert & Mayo – Ethiopia
- Arisaema muratae Gusman & J.T.Yin – Yunnan
- Arisaema muricaudatum Sivad. – Kerala
- Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook. – Maharashtra
- Arisaema nagiense Tom.Kobay., K.Sasam. & J.Murata – Honshu
- Arisaema nambae Kitam. – Honshu
- Arisaema negishii Makino – kepulauan Hachijo dan Miyake di Jepun
- Arisaema nepenthoides (Wall.) Mart. – Nepal, Tibet, Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar
- Arisaema nikoense Nakai – Honshu
- Arisaema nilamburense Sivad. – Kerala
- Arisaema odoratum J.Murata & S.K.Wu – Yunnan
- Arisaema ogatae Koidz. – Kyushu
- Arisaema omkoiense Gusman – Thailand
- Arisaema ornatum Miq. – Sumatera
- Arisaema ovale Nakai – Jepun
- Arisaema pachystachyum Hett. & Gusman – Thailand
- Arisaema pallidum Engl. – Sumatera
- Arisaema parisifolia J.Murata – Laos, Vietnam
- Arisaema parvum N.E.Br. ex Hemsl. – Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema pattaniense Gagnep. – Thailand
- Arisaema penicillatum N.E.Br. – Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan
- Arisaema petelotii K.Krause – Yunnan, Vietnam
- Arisaema petiolulatum Hook.f. – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Myanmar, Yunnan
- Arisaema pianmaense H.Li – Yunnan
- Arisaema pingbianense H.Li – Yunnan, Vietnam
- Arisaema polyphyllum (Blanco) Merr. – Filipina, Sulawesi
- Arisaema prazeri Hook.f. – Yunnan, Thailand, Myanmar
- Arisaema propinquum Schott – Himalaya (Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, India)
- Arisaema psittacus E.Barnes – Kerala
- Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash - timur Kanada, timur Amerika Syarikat
- Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott – Tenggara Amerika Syarikat
- Arisaema quinquelobatum H.Li & J.Murata – Yunnan
- Arisaema ramulosum Alderw. – Jawa, Timor
- Arisaema ringens (Thunb.) Schott – Korea, Japan, Kepulauan Ryukyu, Jiangsu, Taiwan, Zhejiang
- Arisaema rostratum V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce – Vietnam
- Arisaema roxburghii Kunth – Assam, Indochina
- Arisaema rubrirhizomatum H.Li & J.Murata – Yunnan
- Arisaema ruwenzoricum N.E.Br. – Zaire, Uganda, Burundi
- Arisaema sachalinense (Miyabe & Kudô) J.Murata – Sakhalin di Russia, Hokkaido di Jepun
- Arisaema saddlepeakense P.S.N.Rao & S.K.Srivast – kepulauan Andaman
- Arisaema sarracenioides E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch. – Kerala
- Arisaema saxatile Buchet – Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema sazensoo (Blume) Makino – Kyushu
- Arisaema schimperianum Schott – Zaire, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda
- Arisaema scortechinii Hook.f – Semenanjung Malaysia
- Arisaema seppikoense Kitam. – Honshu
- Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott – Primorye, Korea, kepulauan Kuril, Japan, timur laut China
- Arisaema setosum A.Sudh.Rao & D.M.Verma – Arunachal Pradesh
- Arisaema siamicum Gagnep. – Thailand, Vietnam
- Arisaema siangense Gusman – Arunachal Pradesh
- Arisaema sikokianum Franch. & Sav. – Shikoku
- Arisaema silvestrii Pamp. – China
- Arisaema sinii K.Krause – China
- Arisaema sizemoreae Hett. & Gusman – Thailand
- Arisaema smitinandii S.Y.Hu – Thailand
- Arisaema somalense M.G.Gilbert & Mayo – Somalia
- Arisaema souliei Buchet – Sichuan, Chongqing
- Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Mart. – bakung tedung – Tibet, Nepal, Assam, Bhutan
- Arisaema stewardsonii Britton - timur Kanada, timur Amerika Syarikat
- Arisaema sukotaiense Gagnep. – Yunnan, Thailand
- Arisaema taiwanense J.Murata – Taiwan
- Arisaema tengtsungense H.Li – Yunnan, Myanmar
- Arisaema ternatipartitum Makino – Jepun
- Arisaema thunbergii Blume – Jepun, Korea, Taiwan
- Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott – India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Himalaya, Nepal, Assam, Pakistan, Tibet, Yunnan, Myanmar
- Arisaema tosaense Makino – Jepun
- Arisaema translucens C.E.C.Fisch – Tamil Nadu di India
- Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott in H.W.Schott & S.L.Endlicher – Canada, Amerika Syarikat
- Arisaema tsangpoense J.T.Yin & Gusman – Tibet
- Arisaema tuberculatum C.E.C.Fisch. – Tamil Nadu di India
- Arisaema ulugurense M.G.Gilbert & Mayo – Gunung Uluguru Tanzania
- Arisaema umbrinum Ridl. – Borneo
- Arisaema undulatifolium Nakai – Honshu dan Shikoku di Japan
- Arisaema utile Hook.f. ex Schott – Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, Bhutan, Himalaya di India dan Pakistan
- Arisaema vexillatum H.Hara & H.Ohashi – Tibet, Nepal
- Arisaema victoriae V.D.Nguyen – Yunnan, Guangxi, Vietnam
- Arisaema wangmoense M.T.An, H.H.Zhang & Q.Lin – Guizhou
- Arisaema wardii C.Marquand & Airy Shaw – Qinghai, Shanxi, Yunnan, Tibet
- Arisaema wattii J. D. Hook. – Assam, Myanmar, Tibet, Yunnan
- Arisaema wilsonii Engl. – Tibet, Bhutan, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema wrayi Hemsl. – Thailand, Sabah, Malaysia
- Arisaema xuanweiense H.Li – Yunnan
- Arisaema yamatense (Nakai) Nakai – Honshu
- Arisaema yanxianum Z.Y.Zhu & B.Q.Min – Sichuan
- Arisaema yunnanense Buchet – Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema zhui H.Li – Yunnan
Lihat juga
Rujukan
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ Flora of North America, Vol. 22, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
- ^ Wilkinson, Richard James (1932). "lekir". A Malay-English dictionary (romanised). II. Mytilini, Yunani: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. m/s. 36 – melalui TROVE, Perpustakaan Negara Australia.
- ^ Vitt, P.; Holsinger, K. E.; Jones, C. S. (2003), "Local differentiation and plasticity in size and sex expression in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae)", American Journal of Botany, 90 (12): 1729–35, doi:10.3732/ajb.90.12.1729, PMID 21653349
- ^ Renner, S. S.; Zhang, L.-B.; Murata, J. (2004), "A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa", American Journal of Botany, 91 (6): 881–8, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.881, PMID 21653444