Cephennodes

Cephennodes
Nomenklatur
Cephennodes Reitter, 1884
Synonymi
Chelonoides Croissandeau, 1894, Chelonoidum Strand, 1935, Fusionodes Jałozsyński, 2007, Aculeodes Jałozsyński & Nomura, 2009
Populærnavn
perlebiller^[1]
Klassifikasjon
Rike		Dyr
Rekke		Leddyr
Klasse		Insekter
Orden		Biller
Familie		Kortvinger
Underfamilie		Perlebiller
Økologi
Antall arter:		ca. 200
Habitat:		på land, mellom løvstrø, under steiner, i død ved og i maurtuer
Utbredelse:		alle verdensdeler bortsett fra Antarktis
Inndelt i

Cephennodes er en slekt av små biller som nå blir regnet til familien kortvinger (Staphylinidae).^[2] De er rovdyr som har spesialisert seg på midd. Mange av artene kan ligne på små maur.

Utseende

Knøttsmå til små biller (gjerne ca. 1,5 mm), som oftest forholdsvis slanke og blanke, nakne eller med oppstående hår. Denne gruppen kjennes vanligvis lett fra andre perlebiller på at pronotum er forholdsvis stort og bredt, vanligvis tydelig bredere enn dekkvingene. Hodet er lite og mer eller mindre rundt, og skilt fra brystet med en tydelig "hals". Fasettøynene er små og utstående med ganske få fasetter, noen arter mangler fasettøyne. Antennene er ganske lange og kraftige, trådformede eller svakt kølleformede, og består av 11 ledd. Palpene er ofte forholdsvis lange og kølleformede. Brystskjoldet (pronotum) er vanligvis omtrent så langt som bredt og mye smalere enn dekkvingene. Ofte har det en tverr-rekke av dype groper nær roten. Dekkvingene dekker vanligvis hele bakkroppen. De er ofte ovale på form og bredest omkring midten. Hos mange arter har de noen dype groper ved roten. Beina er forholdsvis lange med fortykkede lår, ellers slanke. Fremlåret er ofte kledt med "sugekopper" som hjelper dem holde fast på byttet. Føttene er fem-leddete.

Levevis

Perlebillene er rovdyr som stort sett lever av midd, spesielt pansermidd (Oribatida). Disse har et meget hardt skall og perlebillene har organer på frambeina for å holde byttet fast, og munndeler som passer til å borre eller sage seg gjennom middenes skall. Billene er ganske vanlige på litt fuktige steder, som i løvstrø, under steiner og i råtten, død ved. En god del arter lever i maur- eller termitt-tuer.

Fossile arter

På grunn av sin beskjedne kroppsstørrelse blir disse billene lett bevart i rav. Det er derfor kjent relativt mange fossile arter i denne gruppen, og gruppens evolusjonære historie er bedre dokumentert enn de fleste andre biller.

Systematisk inndeling

Treliste

Ordenen biller, Coleoptera
- Underordenen Polyphaga
  - Overfamilien åtsel- og rovbiller, Staphylinoidea
    - Familien kortvinger, Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802
      - Underfamilien perlebiller, Scydmaeninae Leach, 1815
        Gruppe Cephenniitae Reitter, 1882
        Stammen Cephenniini Reitter, 1882
        Slekten Cephennodes Müller & Kunze, 1822 - ca. 170 arter

Liste over artene

Cephennodes abdominalis Jałoszyński, 2007^[3]
Cephennodes annapurnaensis Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes antennatus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009^[4]
Cephennodes apicalis Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes araiorum (Jałoszyński, 2003)^[5]
Cephennodes aschnae Makhan, 2005^[6]
Cephennodes ascipenis Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes astoni Jałoszyński, 2011^[7]
Cephennodes atewaensis Jałoszyński, 2010^[8]
Cephennodes atuin Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes baculifer Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes bagmatianus Jałoszyński, 2017^[9]
Cephennodes bagongsilangensis Jałoszyński, 2009
Cephennodes bahrabisensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes bakeri Blattný, 1929^[10]
Cephennodes basilewskyi Besuchet, 1962^[11]
Cephennodes bataanus Jałoszyński, 2009^[12]
Cephennodes besucheti (Kurbatov, 1995)^[13]
Cephennodes bicavatus Jałoszyński, 2015^[14]
Cephennodes bicolor Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes bicribratus Jałoszyński, 2016^[15]
Cephennodes bilaminatus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes bilobatus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes bos Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes brachyclavatus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes brachylinguis Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes brachyspinosus Jałoszyński, 2016
Cephennodes brinchangensis Jałoszyński, 2008^[16]
Cephennodes bubalus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes buceros Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes bundibugyoensis Jałoszyński, 2010
Cephennodes capra Jałoszyński, 2012^[17]
Cephennodes capricornis Jałoszyński, 2012
Cephennodes carinifrons Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes caudatus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes cavifrons Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes churtanus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes clavatus (Marsh, 1957^[18]
Cephennodes clavodentatus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes clypeatus Jałoszyński, 2012
Cephennodes clypeicornis Jałoszyński, 2012
Cephennodes concinnus (Marsh, 1957
Cephennodes cooteri Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes cordilaminatus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes corporosus (LeConte, 1852)
Cephennodes corpulentus Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes cryptointricatus Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes datianpingensis Jałoszyński, 2016
Cephennodes depressifrons Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes dolakhanus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes elegantissimus Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes elevatus Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes elongatus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes elytratus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes excavatus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes falcipenis Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2008
Cephennodes festivus (Schaufuss, 1889)
Cephennodes frontocarinatus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2008
Cephennodes furcatus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes gaozhaianus Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes ghorepanianus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes glabella Castellini, 2007
Cephennodes gokarnaensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes gopala Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes gorkha Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes graeseri Reitter, 1887
Cephennodes guadunanus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes guizhouanus Jałoszyński, 2012
Cephennodes gutta Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes hamatus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes hellenicus (Roubal, 1913)
Cephennodes hippopotamus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes hongkongensis Jałoszyński, 2008
Cephennodes huapingensis Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes hystrix Jałoszyński, 2016
Cephennodes impressibos Jałoszyński, 2016
Cephennodes impressifrons Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes indifferens Besuchet, 1962
Cephennodes inflaticornis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes inflatipes Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes intricatus Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes japonicus (Sharp, 1886)
Cephennodes kalopanianus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes karnaliensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes kopeipes Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes kusunda Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes lalitpuranus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes langbianganus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes lateralis Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes latus (Motschulsky, 1851)
Cephennodes leai Jałoszyński, 2008
Cephennodes leleupi Besuchet, 1962
Cephennodes leonensis Castellini, 2010
Cephennodes letheanus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes licchavi Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes loebli (Kurbatov, 1995)
Cephennodes longilinguis Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes longipes Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes longulus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes lucipetus Jałoszyński, 2013
Cephennodes lustricollis Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes lustrifrons Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes luzonicus Blattný, 1929
Cephennodes magnus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes mahisapala Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes malla Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes malleiphallus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes manangensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes mangmayanus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes marginatus Besuchet, 1962
Cephennodes martensi Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes masuanus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes medusa Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes meredaranus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes microphthalmus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes minisulcatus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes minusculus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes mizunoi Hoshina & Kishimoto, 2003
Cephennodes moderatus (Kurbatov, 1995)
Cephennodes monofoveatus Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes monolaminatus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes mtubatubanus Jałoszyński, 2013
Cephennodes multisaetosus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2008
Cephennodes mussauinsularis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes mustacifrons Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes mustangensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes myagdiensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes nanos Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes nasalis Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes nematocerus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes newar Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes nigricollis Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes nitens Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes nsukkaensis Jałoszyński, 2010
Cephennodes obesus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes oblongopunctatus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2008
Cephennodes otome Hoshina, 2016
Cephennodes ovatus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes palpalis Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes pampinosus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes paniporuanus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes papuanus Jałoszyński, 2008
Cephennodes parabdominalis Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes paralalitpuranus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes paramartensi Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes paramerus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes parbatensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes patellatus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes penicillatus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes penicillipes Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes phulchokianus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes pinnapes Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes pokharensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes poonensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes popeye Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes praemorsus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2008
Cephennodes pseudobos Jałoszyński, 2015
Cephennodes pseudogokarnaensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes pseudolateralis Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes pseudopatellatus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes pteroscapus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes pullatus (Kurbatov, 1995)
Cephennodes punctifrons Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes qiongdaoanus Jałoszyński, 2012
Cephennodes rectangulicollis Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes rhinoceros Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2008
Cephennodes ruandae (Cauchois, 1955)
Cephennodes saetosus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes schuelkei Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes scolytoides Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes sermathangensis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes serratus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes setifer Jałoszyński, 2016
Cephennodes sichuanus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes simonis Reitter, 1884
Cephennodes simplicipes Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes sindhupalchowk Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes sodwanaensis Jałoszyński, 2013
Cephennodes spatulipes Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes spinosus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes subcaudatus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes sulcatifrons Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes sulcatus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes superlatus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes suturalis Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes tamdaonus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes tanvienus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes tauroides Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes taurus Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes tertius Jałoszyński, 2011
Cephennodes testudo Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes thakanus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes tharepatianus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes tipulipes Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes torosus (Kurbatov, 1995)
Cephennodes transversicollis Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes triangulifrons Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes trisaonus Jałoszyński & Nomura, 2009
Cephennodes tuberculifrons Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes tuniseus (Pic, 1901)
Cephennodes uenoi Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes ussuricus (Kurbatov, 1995)
Cephennodes vafer Kurbatov, 1995
Cephennodes vegrandis Stevanović, 2009
Cephennodes virginicus (Casey, 1897)
Cephennodes wrasei Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes yangrianus Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes yeti Jałoszyński, 2017
Cephennodes yinziweii Jałoszyński, 2016
Cephennodes yonaguniensis Hoshina, 2012
Cephennodes yume Hoshina, 2017
Cephennodes yunnanensis Jałoszyński, 2007
Cephennodes zanzibaricus (Schaufuss, 1889)
Cephennodes zulunatalensis Jałoszyński, 2013
Cephennodes zunyianus Jałoszyński, 2012
Cephennodes zwaluwenburgi Zimmerman, 1942

Referanser

^ «Artsdatabankens artsopplysninger». Artsdatabanken. 15. november 2020. Besøkt 15. november 2020.
^ «Artsdatabankens navneopplysninger med artstre». Artsdatabanken. 15. november 2020. Besøkt 15. november 2020.
^ Jałoszyński, P. (2007) The Cephenniini of China. III. Cephennodes Reitter of Sichuan and Shaanxi (Coleoptera: Scydmaenidae). Genus, 18 (2): 151-207.
^ Jałoszyński, P. & S. Nomura (2009) The Cephenniini (Coleoptera, Scydmaenidae) of Vietnam. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science (A: Zoology) 35 (3): 167-225.
^ Jałoszyński, P. (2003) Chelonoidum araiorum sp. nov., an unusual species of the Cepheniini (Coleoptera, Scydmaenidae) from the intertidal zone of the Pacific coast of central Honshu, Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum (A: Zoology) 29 (4): 225-228.
^ Makhan, D. (2005) Four new Scydmaenidae species from Mount Jinyun, China (Coleoptera). Calodema 3: 6-13.
^ Jałoszyński, P. (2011) New records and new species of Cephennodes Reitter from Hong Kong (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae). Genus 22 (1): 1-8.
^ Jałoszyński, P. (2010) Afrotropical Cephenniini: Redescriptions of Cephennodes described by Schaufuss and Cauchois and three new species from Ghana, Nigeria and Uganda (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae). Genus 21 (2): 175-190.
^ Jałoszyński, P. (2017) Ant-like stone beetles on the roof of the world. Cephenniini of Nepal and Bhutan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 4349 (1): 1–120.
^ Blattný, C. (1929) Fauna Philippinica, Scydmaenidae, Coleoptera. Philippine Journal of Science 38 (3): 303-323., pls. 1-2.
^ Besuchet, C. (1962) Coleoptera Scydmaenidae: Cephenniini. Mission zoologique de l'I.R.S.A.C. en Afrique orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). LXII. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren (Série 8º: Sciences Zoologiques) 107: 420-423.
^ Jałoszyński, P. (2009) Cephenniini of the Philippines. Part 2. Two new species of Cephennodes Reitter from Mindanao (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Genus 20 (3): 391-397.
^ Kurbatov, S. A. (1995) Sur les Euthiini et Cephenniini (Coleoptera, Scydmaenidae) de l'Extrême-Est de la Russie et du Japon. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 102 (4): 943-959.
^ Jałoszyński, P. (2015) The Cephenniini of China. VI. New species and new records of Cephennodes Reitter from Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 3990 (2): 221-234.
^ Jałoszyński, P. (2016) The Cephenniini of China. VIII. New species and new records of Cephennodes Reitter of Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejian and Fujian (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 4079 (4): 415–428.
^ Jałoszyński, P. (2008) A new bizarre species of Cephennodes from the Malay Peninsula (Coleoptera: Scydmaenidae). Genus 19 (1): 27-31.
^ Jałoszyński, P. (2012) The Cephenniini of China. V. Cephennodes Reitter of Guizhou and Zhejiang (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae). Genus 23 (2): 229-248.
^ Marsh, G. A. (1957) Family Scydmaenidae, pp. 271-280. I: Melville H. Hatch, The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part II. Staphyliniformia. University of Washington Publications in Biology, 16 (2): ix + 384 pp.