State Council of the Soviet Union
- Soviet of the Federation of the Soviet Union
Following the August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, the State Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: Государственный Совет СССР), but also known as the State Soviet, was formed on 5 September 1991 and was designed to be one of the most important government offices in Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet Union. The members of the council consisted of the President of the Soviet Union, and highest officials (which typically was presidents of their republics) from the Soviet Union's republics. During the period of transition it was the highest organ of state power, having the power to elect a prime minister, or a person who would take Gorbachev's place if absent; the office of Vice President of the Soviet Union had been abolished following the failed August Coup that very same year.[1]
History
The idea of the institution of a State Council in the Soviet Union first appeared in the early 1970s, during the early days of Leonid Brezhnev's rule. As head of the CPSU, Brezhnev was the de facto leader of the Soviet Union, but was only ranked third in diplomatic protocol, eclipsed by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny (head of state; first in protocol) and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Alexei Kosygin (head of government; second in protocol). Brezhnev's supporters conceived the idea of establishing a State Council, similar to those of East Germany, Bulgaria, and Romania, to replace the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet as the highest organ of state; the State Council's chairmanship would be assumed by Brezhnev himself, allowing him to replace Podgorny as the head of state and first-ranked person in diplomatic protocol.[2] These plans did not come to fruition: under the Brezhnev Constitution of 1977, the collegial Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was retained as the highest body of power in the country, rather than being replaced by a Council of State.
Inter-republican Economic Committee
With the central government's authority greatly weakened by the failed coup, Gorbachev[3] established a four-man committee, led by Russian SFSR Premier Ivan Silayev, that included Grigory Yavlinsky, Arkadi Volsky, and Yuri Luzhkov, to elect a new Cabinet of Ministers. This committee was later transformed into the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy (COMSE), also chaired by Silayev, to manage the Soviet economy.[4] On 28 August 1991 the Supreme Soviet temporarily gave the COMSE the same authority as the Cabinet of Ministers,[5] and Silayev became the Soviet Union's de facto Prime Minister.[6] Yet, COMSE was quickly surpassed in authority by the Inter-republican Economic Committee of the Soviet Union (IEC), also led by Silayev. Its function was to coordinate economic policy across the Soviet Union. As Chairman of both COMSE and the IEC, Silayev presided over a quickly disintegrating Soviet Union.[7]
When he first took office, Silayev wanted to reduce the powers of the central government and give more powers to the Soviet Republics. This view changed;[8] he demanded that Yeltsin give back much of the authority of the central government which he had usurped following the August Coup. In this he failed, and his position as Russian SFSR Premier was severely weakened as a result. Oleg Lobov, Silayev's First Deputy Premier, led the anti-Silayev faction in the Russian SFSR Council of Ministers and managed to oust him on 26 September 1991; Lobov succeeded Silayev as acting Premier of the Russian SFSR.[7] Silayev, as overseer of the economy, was given the task of initiating economic reforms in the Soviet Union in a way that suited both the central government and the Soviet republics.[9] Silayev tried to maintain an integrated economy while initiating the marketisation of the economy.[10] Further disintegration of the USSR led to the transformation of the IEC into the Interstate Economic Committee of the Economic Community[6] (coordinating relations between the union republics and republics, declaring their secession from the USSR).[11] The IEC showed its international intent by signing the European Energy Charter on 16/17 December 1991 with 35 other countries, but this was undermined by the charter also being signed by nine of the twelve remaining republics.[12]
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
On 19 December COMSE was dissolved by a presidential Russian SFSR decree.[6] Оn 25 December Gorbachev announced his resignation from the post of President of the USSR in connection with the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[13] Accordingly, the union government ceased to exist.[14] The next day, 26 December 1991 the Soviet Union was formally dissolved by the Council of Republics.
References
- ^ Government of the USSR: Gorbachev, Mikhail (1991-09-05). ЗАКОН СССР: Об органах государственной власти и управления Союза ССР в переходный период [Law: About state governing bodies of USSR in a transition period On the bodies of state authority and administration of the USSR in Transition]. sssr.su (in Russian).
- ^ "Soviet Union: Whoa, Comrade Brezhnev". Time. 6 December 1971. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ Garcelon, Marc (2005). Revolutionary Passage: From Soviet to Post-Soviet Russia, 1985–2000. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 167. ISBN 1-59213-362-2.
- ^ Jeffries, Ian (1993). Socialist Economies and the Transition to the Market: A Guide. London; New York: Routledge. p. 100. ISBN 0-415-07580-7.
- ^ Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2367-I «О недоверии Кабинету Министров СССР»
- ^ a b c Staff writer. "Silaev, Ivan Stepanovich" [Силаев, Иван Степанович]. praviteli.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ^ a b Shevchenko, Iulia (2004). The Central Government of Russia: From Gorbachev to Putin. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-7546-3982-4.
- ^ Shevchenko 2004, p. 66.
- ^ Sakwa, Richard (2008). Russian Politics and Society. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-415-41527-9.
- ^ Sakwa, Richard (2008). Russian Politics and Society. London;New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-415-41527-9.
- ^ Договор об экономическом сообществе // Правительственный вестник. — 1991. — октябрь. — № 42. — С. 1—3.
- ^ Hansard 19 December 1991 c242W
- ^ Горбачев Михаил Сергеевич // praviteli.org
- ^ "Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1964–1991)". elisa.net. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
Political offices | ||
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Preceded by State Council (Russian Empire) | State Council of the Soviet Union 5 September 1991-26 December 1991 | Succeeded by State Council (Russia) |
- v
- t
- e
- President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
- Presidential Council
- Federation Council
- State Council
- Security Council
- Premiers
(list)
- Agricultural Products Procurement
- Agriculture and Food
- Installation and Special Construction
- Armament
- Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
- Aviation Industry
- Building Materials Industry
- Chemical Industry
- Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
- Cellulose and Paper Industry
- Civil Aviation
- Coal Industry
- Commerce
- Communications
- Communication Equipment Industry
- Construction
- Construction of Fuel Industry
- Construction of Heavy Industry
- Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
- Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
- Construction of Power Plants
- Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
- Construction of Tool-Machines
- Cotton
- Culture
- Defense
- Defense Industry
- Economy
- Education
- Electrical Engineering
- Electrical Power and Electrification
- Electronics Industry
- Electrotechnical Industry
- Environmental Protection
- Foreign Affairs
- Ferrous Metallurgy
- Finance
- Fishing Industry
- Foreign Economic Relations
- Forestry
- Forestry Industry
- Fruits and Vegetables
- Gas Industry
- General Machine-Building
- Geology
- Grain Products
- Health
- Housing and Architecture
- Heavy Machine Building
- Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
- Higher Education
- Industrial Construction
- Installation and Special Construction Work
- Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
- Internal Affairs
- Iron and Steel
- Justice
- Light Industry
- Land Reclamation and Water Resources
- Machine Building
- Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
- Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
- Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
- Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
- Manufacture of Communication Media
- Meat and Dairy Industry
- Medical Industry
- Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
- Medium Machine-Building
- Merchant Marine
- Mineral Fertilizer Production
- Metallurgy
- Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
- Nuclear Power Industry
- Oil Industry
- Oil and Gas Industry
- Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
- Power and Electrification
- Pulp and Paper Industry
- Radio Industry
- Railways
- Rubber Industry
- Shipbuilding
- State Farms
- State Security
- Technical Cultivation
- Textile Industry
- Timber Industry
- Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
- Tool and Tool Building Industry
- Internal Trade
- Tractors and Agricultural Machines
- Transport Construction
- Urban Construction
- Construction in the Eastern Regions
- Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
- Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
- Construction in the Southern Regions
- Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
and commissions
- Building Materials
- Cinematography
- Construction
- Defense
- Defense Technology
- Flight Safety
- Fuel Industry
- Labour and Social Issues
- Logistics
- People's Control
- Prices
- Publishing
- Metallurgy
- State of Emergency
- Science and Technology
- Standards and Product Quality Management
- State Planning
- State Security
- Statistics
- Television and Radio
- Timber and Paper Industry
- Transport Construction