Malacidin
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Chemical formula | C56H88N12O20[1] |
| Molar mass | 1249.384 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references | |
Chemical compound
Malacidins are a class of chemicals made by bacteria found in soil that can kill Gram-positive bacteria. Their activity appears to be dependent on calcium. The discovery of malacidins was published in 2018.[2]
The malacidin family were discovered using a new method of soil microbiome screening that does not require cell culturing.[3] This allowed researchers to identify genetic components necessary to produce the chemical. Malacidin A was shown to kill Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria.
At the time of publication it was not certain if the discovery would lead to any new antibiotic drugs, because large investments of time and money are required to determine whether any drug is safe and effective.[4]
Chemical structure
Malacidins are macrocycle lipopeptides. The 2018 paper described two chemicals in the malacidin family, differing only by a methylene at their lipid tails.[2] Their peptide cores include four non-proteinogenic amino acids.[2] The name "malacidin" is derived from the abbreviation of metagenomic acidic lipopeptide antibiotic and the suffix -cidin.[5]
Mechanism of action
Malacidins appear to take on their active conformation after they bind to calcium; the calcium-bound molecule then appears to bind to lipid II, a bacterial cell wall precursor molecule, leading to destruction of the cell wall and death of the bacteria.[2][6] Therefore, they would be a new member of the class of calcium-dependent antibiotics.[2][4] The discovery of malacidins supported the view that the calcium-dependent antibiotics are a larger class than previously thought.[2]
History
Malacidins were discovered by researchers at Rockefeller University, led by Brad Hover and Sean Brady. The group had been looking into antibiotics related to daptomycin and their calcium-dependent nature, but determined that it would be impractical to culture variations in lab conditions.[5] Instead, the team used a genetics approach that was more scalable. They focused on searching for novel biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) – genes that are usually expressed together, that bacteria use to make secondary metabolites. To do this, they extracted DNA from around 2,000 soil samples to build metagenomic libraries that captured the genetic diversity of the environmental microbiome. They then designed degenerate primers to amplify genes likely to be similar to the BGC that make daptomycin by using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure, sequenced the amplified genes, and then used metagenomics to confirm that these genes were indeed likely to be the kind of BGCs they sought. One of the novel BGCs they found was present in around 19% of the screened soil samples but not readily found in cultured microbial collections, so they took that BGC, put it into other host bacteria, and then isolated and analyzed the secondary metabolites.[2][5] The work was published in Nature Microbiology in February 2018.[2][7]
Research directions
The approach of screening the soil for useful compounds using genomics has been done by others, and is likely to continue to be pursued as a method to further explore primary metabolites and secondary metabolites made by microorganisms.[4][8]
As of February 2018[update], the malacidins had not been tested on humans. At the time of their discovery it was unknown whether the discovery would lead to any new antibiotic drugs; showing that a potential drug is safe and effective takes years of work and millions of dollars, and the scientists said at the time that they had no plans to try to develop a drug based on the work.[4][8] In the 2018 paper, malacidins were shown to kill only Gram-positive bacteria and not Gram-negative bacteria.[2][7] They were, however, able to kill multidrug-resistant pathogens, including bacteria resistant to vancomycin in the laboratory, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections in an animal wound model.[2][7]
Brady, Hover, and two other authors disclosed in the 2018 paper that they had "competing financial interests, as they are employees or consultants of Lodo Therapeutics."[2] Lodo was founded in 2016 out of Brady's laboratory, to discover new chemicals in nature as starting points for drug discovery.[9]
See also
References
- ^ "Chemical Identifier Resolver". CADD Group Chemoinformatics Tools and User Services. National Cancer Institute.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hover BM, Kim SH, Katz M, Charlop-Powers Z, Owen JG, Ternei MA, Maniko J, Estrela AB, Molina H, Park S, Perlin DS, Brady SF (February 2018). "Culture-independent discovery of the malacidins as calcium-dependent antibiotics with activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens". Nature Microbiology. 3 (4): 415–422. doi:10.1038/s41564-018-0110-1. PMC 5874163. PMID 29434326.
- ^ Borman S (February 19, 2018). "Genetic screen of soil microbes uncovers novel antibiotics: Method could help researchers discover new natural products from hard-to-culture microorganisms". Chemical & Engineering News. 96 (8): 6.
- ^ a b c d Kaplan S (February 13, 2018). "A potentially powerful new antibiotic is discovered in dirt". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
- ^ a b c Healy M (13 February 2018). "In soil-dwelling bacteria, scientists find a new weapon to fight drug-resistant superbugs". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
- ^ King A (14 February 2018). "Soil search unearths new class of antibiotics". Chemistry World.
- ^ a b c "New antibiotic family discovered in dirt". BBC. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
- ^ a b Hotz RL (12 February 2018). "Scientists Unearth Hope for New Antibiotics". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
- ^ Jarvis LM (October 31, 2016). "Lodo Therapeutics". Chemical & Engineering News.
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